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This in vitro study exposed rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells to a 50 Hz, 5 mT sinusoidal EMF and assessed migration and signaling mechanisms. The authors report increased MSC migration that depended on extracellular Ca²⁺ influx and was abolished by SOCE inhibition, alongside increased Orai1 expression…

This in vitro study examined whether low-frequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) affect mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) polarity and directional migration at wound edges. EMF-treated cells showed increased asymmetric redistribution of the polarity marker β-COP and altered γ-tubulin localization at wound margins. The…

This in vitro study exposed dental pulp mesenchymal stem cells to 50 Hz pulsed electromagnetic fields at 0.5 or 1 mT for 20 or 40 minutes per day over seven days. Cell survival/proliferation was generally higher than control across exposure groups, except for the 40 minutes/day at 1 mT condition. DMP1 expression was…

This in vitro study examined how a 20 mT static magnetic field and a 20 mT 50 Hz electromagnetic field affect mesenchymal stem cells under conditions involving ROS and acidic pH. The authors report increased ROS and antioxidant-response markers (Nrf2, SOD2, GST) across SMF, EMF, and combined exposures, with…

This in vitro study examined intermittent extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) exposure (6 h/day) in human periodontal ligament mesenchymal stem cells during osteogenic differentiation. After 10 days, ELF-EMF-exposed cells showed increased proliferation and calcium deposition versus sham.…

This animal and in vitro study evaluated a composite osteochondral scaffold with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) combined with low-frequency electromagnetic field (EMF) stimulation. The authors report that EMF promoted BMSC proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation in vitro, partly via PI3K/AKT/mTOR…

This in vitro and rat study evaluated sinusoidal electromagnetic field (EMF) treatment of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) seeded on 3D-printed scaffolds for repairing critical-sized calvarial defects. The authors report that EMF-treated cell scaffolds accelerated bone defect repair in rats.…

This in vitro study tested 50 Hz, 1 mT ELF-EMF exposure (8 h/day for 21 days) and betaine (10 mM) during osteogenic induction of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. The authors report ELF-EMF decreased osteogenic differentiation and reduced RUNX2 and OCN gene expression compared with non-EMF conditions.…

This animal and in vitro study evaluated electromagnetic fields (EMF) treatment combined with a 3D-printed PLA/HA scaffold seeded with rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) for cranial defect repair. The authors report that EMF enhanced BMSC proliferation and osteogenic differentiation and was partly…

This in vitro study evaluated whether extremely low-frequency EMF (50 Hz,

This in vitro study developed carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC)-grafted polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofiber scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. It reports mineralization and osteonectin expression in adipose mesenchymal stem cells cultured on the scaffolds, suggesting osteoinductive properties of the grafted CMC. The…

This animal and in vitro study evaluated sinusoidal electromagnetic field (SEMF) exposure combined with VEGF in rat mesenchymal stem cells and in a rat cranial defect model using rBMSC-laden PCL/HA scaffolds. The authors report increased osteogenic and endothelial marker expression with SEMF and VEGF, with a slight…

This in vitro study exposed human mesenchymal stem cell pellets undergoing chondrogenesis to simulated microgravity (SMG), low-frequency EMF (5 mT, 15 Hz), or both for 3 weeks. SMG significantly changed gene expression and reduced chondrogenic marker expression (including COL2A1). LF-EMF alone showed no…

This animal study examined whether electromagnetic field (EMF) pretreatment has lasting (“legacy”) effects on rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and whether EMF-pretreated BMSC sheets improve fracture nonunion healing in rats. The authors report increased BMSC proliferation and enhanced…

This in vitro study exposed human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells to extremely low frequency EMF (7.5–70 Hz, 1 mT) generated by Helmholtz coils. The authors report increased MSC migration across all tested frequencies. Mechanistically, the effect is described as dependent on intracellular calcium and…

This in vitro study tested 50 Hz, 3 mT electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure and 808 nm low-level laser (LLL), alone and combined, on human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells from six donors. The authors report increased cell numbers after 7 days with EMF, greater increases with LLL, and the largest…

This in vitro study examined how 50 Hz low-frequency EMF and a nitric oxide donor (Deta-NO) affect stemness and neuronal differentiation markers in rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. The authors report that high NO (1 mM) combined with EMF reduced stemness markers and increased neuronal differentiation markers,…

This in vitro study examined rat adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells exposed to zinc sulphate in the presence of an ELF electromagnetic field (50 Hz, 20 mT). The authors report increased osteogenic differentiation markers (gene expression, ALP activity, and calcium levels) under combined ZnSO4+EMF conditions,…

This in vitro study examined whether electromagnetic fields (EMFs) influence chondrogenic differentiation of bovine mesenchymal stem cell pellets, with and without the inflammatory cytokine IL-1β. The authors report EMFs had limited effects on chondrogenesis in the absence of inflammation, but in the presence of…

This in vitro study examined whether extremely low-frequency magnetic fields affect chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells in pellet culture. Cells exposed for 3 weeks to a homogeneous sinusoidal 5 mT magnetic field showed increased collagen type II expression (significant at passage 6) and…