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This animal study exposed rats to 50 Hz ELF-EMF at 1 mT or 7 mT for 1 hour/day over 7 days, repeated across three cycles, and assessed catecholamines, MHPG, β2-adrenergic receptor expression, and behavior. The authors report that ELF-EMF influences stress-response mechanisms involving the locus…

This pilot animal study exposed zebrafish embryos to 900 MHz RF-EMF for 30 or 60 minutes per day until 96 hours post-fertilization and assessed gene expression and physiological endpoints. The authors report reduced expression of lepa, ins, and pparg, changes in oxidative stress markers consistent with increased…

This rat study examined prenatal stress, prenatal ELF-EMF exposure, and their combination on adult male offspring outcomes at postnatal day 90. Prenatal stress increased serum corticosterone but did not change spatial memory, while combined stress+ELF-EMF disrupted memory acquisition. ELF-EMF exposure was associated…

This in vitro study exposed porcine endometrial slices collected during the peri-implantation period to a 50 Hz extremely-low-frequency electromagnetic field for 2 hours. The authors report decreased CASP7 and increased NOS3/eNOS mRNA and protein abundance after exposure, along with increases in additional…

This animal study examined whether prenatal mobile phone RF exposure affects brain injury markers and outcomes after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia in rats. The HI/Exposure group showed higher MMP-9 expression along with increased inflammatory and oxidative stress markers, larger infarct volume and edema, and worse…

This animal study examined whether lipoic acid modifies cognitive and hippocampal effects in young male rats exposed to EMF emitted from multiple cell phones. The authors report improved learning performance but impaired long-term memory consolidation after EMF exposure, alongside changes in hippocampal…

This mouse experiment evaluated whether crocin (50 mg/kg) mitigates liver and kidney injury associated with 2100 MHz electromagnetic field exposure. EMF exposure was associated with increased serum markers of kidney and liver injury, reduced antioxidant enzyme activity, and histopathological/ultrastructural changes…

This animal study exposed one-day-old worker honey bees to 900 MHz RF-EMF at 12, 28, or 61 V/m for 15 minutes, 1 hour, or 3 hours, with an unexposed control group. The authors report changes in hemolymph enzyme activity and in expression of several stress-related genes following exposure. They state the pattern…

This animal study evaluated ketamine administration combined with extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) exposure in a chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) rat model. The authors report that the combined treatment increased depression-like behavior and neuronal degeneration, reduced GFAP(+) cells in…

This rat study examined repeated 50 Hz ELF-EMF exposure (1 or 7 mT) and measured oxidative stress and antioxidant defense markers in the prefrontal cortex, including responses to a subsequent open-field stressor. The authors report intensity- and repetition-dependent effects: 1 mT produced weak changes and was…

This in vitro study exposed mouse spermatogonial stem cells to 50 Hz EMF (2.5 mT; 1 h/day for 5 days) and assessed oxidative stress and cell health outcomes. The authors report increased ROS and apoptosis with reduced antioxidant (catalase) expression, viability, and colonization after EMF exposure. Sertoli…

This rat study exposed animals to a 50 Hz, 3 mT electromagnetic field and assessed oxidative stress markers and substantia nigra ultrastructure. EMF exposure was associated with higher lipid peroxidation (MDA), lower SOD activity, and TEM-detected changes in nucleus/nuclear membrane and myelin sheath. Vitamin E…