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Showing results for: SOD

2026 Evidence Snapshot: Non‑Thermal RF/Sub‑THz Biological Effects Are Being Reported—Thermal‑Only Safety Standards Still Don’t Address Them

Research Effect Synthesis Mar 1, 2026

Synthesis of three 2026 studies reporting biological effects from 6 GHz RF and 0.1 THz exposure and field EMR associations in plants. Even with low-evidence limitations, the findings underscore that thermal-only RF sa…

Effect of high-frequency radiofrequency (6 GHz) electromagnetic radiation on oxidative stress and kidney morphology

Research RF Safe Research Library Feb 17, 2026

This animal experiment exposed rats to 6 GHz RF-EMR from a signal generator for 4 hours/day over 6 weeks and assessed plasma oxidative stress markers and kidney histology. The RF-EMR group showed lower plasma GSH, CAT, SOD, and MDA levels than control and sham groups, while cortisol did not differ. The authors also…

EMF-The Dangers and How to Mitigate Risk

Independent Voices RF Safe Dec 4, 2025

RF Safe recaps a Truth Expedition podcast episode featuring RF Safe founder John Coates discussing alleged biological risks from EMF exposure and arguing that current regulations lag behind modern science. The piece links EMFs to developmental and health concerns (including neural-tube defects and autism) via Coates’…

Investigating the Effects of Occupational Noise and Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure on Oxidative Response in Power Plant Workers

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2025

This occupational study compared oxidative stress biomarkers across four groups: control, noise-only, ELF-EMF-only, and combined noise plus ELF-EMF exposure in power plant workers. The combined exposure group showed higher lipid peroxidation (MDA) and lower antioxidant-related measures (GSH and TAC) versus controls,…

Impact of a Terahertz electromagnetic field on the ion permeation of potassium and sodium channels

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2025

This biophysics study used molecular dynamics simulations to examine how terahertz electromagnetic fields affect ion permeation in voltage-gated potassium (Kv1.2) and sodium (Nav1.5) channels. The simulations report increased ion permeability at several specific terahertz frequencies, with effects depending on field…

Impact of Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields on Skeletal Muscle of Sedentary Adult Mice: A Pilot Study.

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2024

This pilot animal study examined ELF-EMF exposure (0.1 or 1.0 mT, 1 h/day up to 5 weeks) in sedentary adult male C57BL/6 mice, with or without N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) supplementation. The authors report a transient increase in muscle strength after 2 weeks at 1.0 mT, accompanied by higher PAX7 and myosin heavy chain…

Static and Electromagnetic Fields Differently Affect Proliferation and Cell Death Through Acid Enhancement of ROS Generation in Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2022

This in vitro study examined how a 20 mT static magnetic field and a 20 mT 50 Hz electromagnetic field affect mesenchymal stem cells under conditions involving ROS and acidic pH. The authors report increased ROS and antioxidant-response markers (Nrf2, SOD2, GST) across SMF, EMF, and combined exposures, with…

Impact of low-level electromagnetic fields on the inducibility of atrial fibrillation in the electrophysiology laboratory.

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2021

This randomized sham-controlled study tested low-level electromagnetic field stimulation (3.2 × 10 G at 0.89 Hz) applied around the head in patients undergoing ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Eighteen patients completed the protocol, and LL-EMF was associated with shorter pacing-induced AF episodes after…

Evaluation of the neuroprotective effects of Vitamin E on the rat substantia nigra neural cells exposed to electromagnetic field: An ultrastructural study.

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2021

This rat study exposed animals to a 50 Hz, 3 mT electromagnetic field and assessed oxidative stress markers and substantia nigra ultrastructure. EMF exposure was associated with higher lipid peroxidation (MDA), lower SOD activity, and TEM-detected changes in nucleus/nuclear membrane and myelin sheath. Vitamin E…

Enhancement in the ATP level and antioxidant capacity of under continuous exposure to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field for multiple generations.

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2020

This multi-generation animal study exposed worms continuously to 50 Hz, 3 mT extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields and assessed outcomes in the 15th generation. The study reports increased body length, higher ATP content and ATP synthase activity, and upregulated ATP-related gene expression in exposed worms.…

Impact of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field (100 Hz, 100 G) exposure on human glioblastoma U87 cells during Temozolomide administration.

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2019

This in vitro study evaluated whether extremely low-frequency EMF exposure (100 Hz, 100 G) modifies the effects of temozolomide (100 µM) in human glioblastoma U87 cells over 120–144 hours. The authors report that combined treatment reduced stemness-associated markers (Nestin, CD133, Notch4) and increased GFAP…

Altered morphology and biochemistry of the female rat liver following 900 megahertz electromagnetic field exposure during mid to late adolescence.

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2019

This animal study examined whether 900 MHz EMF exposure during mid to late adolescence affects the liver in female rats. Compared with control and sham groups, the exposed group showed occasional liver histopathological irregularities. The exposed group also had significantly decreased 8-OHdG and SOD levels, and the…

Protective effects of luteolin on rat testis following exposure to 900 MHz electromagnetic field.

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2019

This rat study examined 900 MHz EMF exposure effects on testes and whether luteolin modifies those effects. EMF exposure was associated with reduced testicular cell counts, lower testis weight and serum testosterone, increased SOD activity, and changes in sperm morphology versus controls. Luteolin co-treatment was…

Modulation of antioxidant enzyme gene expression by extremely low frequency electromagnetic field in post-stroke patients.

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2018

This study evaluated whether adding extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) therapy to standard physical therapy modulates antioxidant gene expression in post-stroke patients. Forty-eight patients were split into an ELF-EMF group and a non-ELF-EMF group, with both groups receiving the same physical…

Exposure to 2100 MHz electromagnetic field radiations induces reactive oxygen species generation in roots.

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2017

This experimental study examined whether 2100 MHz cell phone-related RF-EMF exposure affects oxidative stress markers in onion roots. After 1–4 hours of continuous-wave exposure in a single day, the study reports increased lipid peroxidation and ROS-related measures (MDA, hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion).…

Influence of the on-line ELF-EMF stimulation on the electrophysiological properties of the rat hippocampal CA1 neurons in vitro.

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2017

This paper describes an on-line ELF magnetic stimulation setup and evaluates coil field distribution using COMSOL simulations alongside physical measurements. The authors report that modeled and measured magnetic flux densities were similar, and that stimulation induced sodium channel currents and fEPSPs in rat…

Radiation from wireless technology elevates blood glucose and body temperature in 40-year-old type 1 diabetic male.

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2017

This case report describes a 40-year-old male with type 1 diabetes who reported repeated episodes of markedly elevated blood glucose associated with nearby microwave radiation from wireless technology, with decreases after exposure ended. In one episode, body temperature also increased, and both measures reportedly…

[Protective effects of Genistein on human renal tubular epithelial cells damage of microwave radiation].

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2017

This in vitro study exposed human proximal renal tubular epithelial cells (HKC) to microwave irradiation for 24 hours and assessed cell injury, oxidative stress, and cell death. The authors report increased injury markers (LDH, NAG), increased oxidative stress (higher MDA, lower SOD), and more apoptosis/necrosis…

A cross-sectional study on oxidative stress in workers exposed to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2015

This cross-sectional study compared oxidative stress and genotoxicity biomarkers between 310 ELF-EMF-exposed inspection workers and 300 logistical staff controls. The authors report no statistically significant differences in antioxidant-related measures (T-AOC, GPx, SOD) or MDA, and no significant differences in…

The effect of electromagnetic radiation emitted by display screens on cell oxygen metabolism - in vitro studies.

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2015

This in vitro study exposed human blood platelet suspensions to 1 kHz electromagnetic fields at 150 or 220 V/m for 30 or 60 minutes. The authors report increased ROS and MDA (at 220 V/m, 30 min) and decreased antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD-1 and catalase), with the largest changes at 220 V/m for 60 minutes. They…

Melatonin protects rat cerebellar granule cells against electromagnetic field-induced increases in Na(+) currents through intracellular Ca(2+) release

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2014

This in vitro study examined extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) effects on voltage-gated sodium (Nav) currents in rat cerebellar granule cells and whether melatonin modifies these effects. The abstract reports that 60 minutes of ELF-EMF exposure increased Nav current density, and that melatonin…

Selenium supplementation ameliorates static magnetic field-induced disorders in antioxidant status in rat tissues.

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2011

This rat study examined whether selenium supplementation modifies antioxidant-related changes associated with sub-acute static magnetic field exposure. The authors report that SMF exposure altered tissue selenium levels and antioxidant enzyme activities in a tissue-specific manner, including decreased selenium and…

Effects of electromagnetic field produced by mobile phones on the oxidant and antioxidant status of rats.

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2007

This rat study examined whether EMR from GSM mobile phones affects oxidant/antioxidant status. Compared with controls, exposed rats had lower plasma antioxidant vitamins (C, E, A), reduced glutathione, and lower CAT and SOD activities. The acute exposure condition was reported to produce larger decreases than the…

900 MHz radiofrequency-induced histopathologic changes and oxidative stress in rat endometrium: protection by vitamins E and C.

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2007

This rat study examined 900 MHz radiofrequency exposure (30 min/day for 30 days) and reported biochemical and histopathologic changes in endometrial tissue consistent with oxidative stress and tissue injury. The abstract reports increased NO and MDA and decreased antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, GSH-Px) in…

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