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This in vitro study exposed blood samples from β-thalassemia major patients and matched healthy donors (n=12 each) to 50 Hz ELF-EMF at 0.5 and 1 mT for 1–2 hours. The authors report that two-hour exposure induced significant oxidative changes in β-thalassemia major samples and examined protein/Hb structural features…

This animal study exposed adult male rats to 50 Hz ELF-EMF at 1, 100, 500, or 2000 μT for 1 hour/day over two months and assessed behavior and brain markers. The authors report increased memory retention (higher step-through latency) alongside increased anxiety-like behavior (reduced open-arm entries), particularly…

This in vitro study used giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) to examine effects of an 18 GHz electromagnetic field on membrane behavior. The authors report increased membrane permeability after exposure, inferred from internalisation of 23.5 nm hydrophilic silica nanospheres. Complementary molecular dynamics…

This in vitro study exposed adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells to a continuous 50 Hz electromagnetic field at 1.5 mT for 24, 48, or 72 hours and assessed micromolecular changes using FTIR spectroscopy. The authors report the largest FTIR spectral differences versus control in nucleic acids and proteins…

This in vitro study examined how extremely low frequency EMF affects adipose-derived stem cell proliferation, cell cycle, viability, and death using fluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry. Under continuous exposure at 76.6 Hz and 20 T (ICR-based parameters), the authors report a statistically significant increase…

This animal and primary neuron culture study exposed early postnatal mice to whole-body RF-EMF (SAR 4.0 W/kg) for 5 hours/day from P1 to P28. The authors report reductions in dendritic spine measures (notably mushroom-type spines), decreased glutamate receptor expression in mushroom-type spines, and lower BDNF…

This review examines temperature-independent (non-thermal) effects of RF and microwave electromagnetic fields, emphasizing antiproliferative effects relevant to oncology. It summarizes preclinical and clinical literature on conventional RF hyperthermia and amplitude-modulated RF hyperthermia and argues that evidence…

This rat study exposed animals to a 50 Hz, 3 mT electromagnetic field and assessed oxidative stress markers and substantia nigra ultrastructure. EMF exposure was associated with higher lipid peroxidation (MDA), lower SOD activity, and TEM-detected changes in nucleus/nuclear membrane and myelin sheath. Vitamin E…

This article presents a hypothesis that persistent microbiota may exist in the host nervous system and that some bacteria can benefit from electromagnetic fields. The authors suggest such colonization could weaken nerve signals and propose that EMF sensitivity might enable electromagnetic modulation of bacterial…

This in vitro study exposed V79 cells to 915 MHz GSM-modulated RF radiation for 1–3 hours at 10–30 V/m (average SARs reported as 0.23–1.6 W/kg). The authors report that 3-hour exposure altered microtubule structure across all tested field strengths and reduced cell growth on the third post-exposure day. They conclude…

This animal study exposed male BALB/c mice to 2100 MHz EMF and assessed reproductive and hormonal outcomes, including sperm parameters, testicular histology, HspA2 immunoreactivity, and apoptosis. EMF exposure was associated with increased testicular apoptosis, increased abnormal sperm, and increased HspA2…

This animal study exposed male albino rats to a 50 Hz electromagnetic field for 2 or 4 hours and assessed reproductive hormones, oxidative stress markers, and testicular histology after 30 days. The abstract reports that EMF exposure reduced serum FSH, testosterone, and LH and catalase activity, while increasing…