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Changes in miR-21, -138, -141, -135 expression and apoptosis/necrosis levels in HCT116 colon cancer cells under 50 Hz ELF-EMF exposure at 0.4 and 0.8 mT

Research RF Safe Research Library Feb 23, 2026

This in vitro study exposed HCT116 colorectal carcinoma cells to 50 Hz ELF-EMF at 0.4 or 0.8 mT for 9 or 18 hours under continuous or discontinuous conditions. The authors report significant changes in miR-21, miR-141, miR-135, and miR-138 expression and increased apoptosis and necrosis measured by flow cytometry.…

Nonthermal radiofrequency radiation promotes hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells function by regulating Ca2+ efflux

Research RF Safe Research Library Feb 14, 2026

This animal and in vitro study evaluated non-thermal 2856 MHz radiofrequency radiation (RFR) effects on mouse hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). The authors report improved colony formation and transplantation-based reconstitution capacity, and faster recovery from ionizing-radiation-induced…

Exposure to hexavalent chromium and 1800 MHz electromagnetic radiation can synergistically induce intracellular DNA damage in mouse embryonic fibroblasts

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2026

This in vitro study tested whether 1800 MHz RF-EMF modifies chemically induced DNA damage in mouse embryonic fibroblasts under non-thermal exposure conditions. RF-EMF alone did not produce detectable DNA damage and did not significantly enhance damage from hydrogen peroxide, 4NQO, or cadmium. In contrast, co-exposure…

Inhibition of mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase by spinning oscillating magnetic fields causes toxicity in cancer cells

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2026

This in vitro study examines a spinning oscillating magnetic field (sOMF) generated by an Oncomagnetic device and reports selective toxicity in glioma cancer cells. The abstract attributes effects to ROS-dependent inhibition of mitochondrial complex I, with downstream oxidative stress, DNA damage, cell-cycle arrest,…

EMF-induced mesenchymal stem cell migration is mediated by SOCE-dependent calcium influx and modulated by ROCK signaling.

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2026

This in vitro study exposed rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells to a 50 Hz, 5 mT sinusoidal EMF and assessed migration and signaling mechanisms. The authors report increased MSC migration that depended on extracellular Ca²⁺ influx and was abolished by SOCE inhibition, alongside increased Orai1 expression…

Synthesis, biological evaluation, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, and ADME studies of novel carbazole-aniline hybrids as cytotoxic agents.

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2026

This study reports the design and synthesis of seven carbazole-aniline hybrids and evaluates their cytotoxicity in breast (MCF-7) and colon (SW480) cancer cell lines. Compound 5e was identified as the most potent in vitro candidate and was supported by docking and molecular dynamics results suggesting binding to…

Why the 2025 “5G Skin-Cell Null” Actually Confirms the Density-Dependence of Both Pillars of the Unified Framework

Independent Voices RF Safe Nov 24, 2025

RF Safe comments on a 2025 PNAS Nexus study (Jyoti et al., 2025) reporting no detectable changes in gene expression or methylation in 5G millimeter-wave–exposed human skin cells. The post argues that this “null” result does not indicate biological inertness, but instead supports the site’s proposed “dual-pillar”…

Effects of Simultaneous In-Vitro Exposure to 5G-Modulated 3.5 GHz and GSM-Modulated 1.8 GHz Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields on Neuronal Network Electrical Activity and Cellular Stress in Skin Fibroblast Cells

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2025

This in-vitro study exposed primary cortical neurons and human immortalized skin fibroblasts to simultaneous 5G-modulated 3.5 GHz and GSM-modulated 1.8 GHz RF-EMF at SARs of 1 or 4 W/kg. It reports no significant changes in neuronal network firing/bursting activity and no alteration of mitochondrial ROS in…

Impact of in vitro exposure to 5G-modulated 3.5 GHz fields on oxidative stress and DNA repair in skin cells

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2025

This in vitro study tested whether 5G-modulated 3.5 GHz RF-EMF exposure affects oxidative stress and DNA repair in human skin cells. Under acute exposure conditions (up to 24–48h) at SARs up to 4 W/kg, the authors report no significant changes in ROS markers, no adaptive response to oxidative challenge, and no…

Exposure of human lymphocytes to sweeping-frequency extremely low frequency magnetic field

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2025

This in vitro study exposed human umbilical cord blood lymphocytes to a sinusoidal sweeping-frequency ELF magnetic field (3–26 Hz) for 48 hours at amplitudes from 6 to 24 μT. It reports no statistically significant effects on DNA damage/repair foci or apoptosis measures overall. A non-significant trend at 8 μT showed…

Investigation of the Effects of 2.45 GHz Near-Field EMF on Yeast

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2025

This in vitro study exposed yeast suspensions to 2.45 GHz near-field microwave radiation at 2 cm and 4 cm for 20 or 60 minutes. It reports oxidative-stress-related changes (reduced antioxidant activity with increased membrane permeability) after 20 minutes at 2 cm, an effect not reproduced by conventional heating.…

Proteomic Characterization of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Exposed to a 50 Hz Magnetic Field

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2025

This in vitro study compared proteomic profiles of PBMCs from three human donors after 24-hour exposure to a 50 Hz, 1 mT extremely low-frequency magnetic field versus unexposed cells. The abstract reports broad protein expression changes, including upregulation of proteins associated with metabolic processes and…

Exposure to 26.5 GHz, 5G modulated and unmodulated signal, does not affect key cellular endpoints of human neuroblastoma cells

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2025

This in vitro study examined whether 26.5 GHz millimeter-wave exposure (continuous wave and 5G-modulated) affects key cellular endpoints in human neuroblastoma cells. Cells were exposed for 3 hours at SAR 1.25 W/kg using a reverberation-chamber system, with assessments including cell cycle and DNA damage. The study…

Mitigation of 3.5 GHz Electromagnetic Field-Induced BV2 Microglial Cytotoxicity by Polydeoxyribonucleotide

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2025

This in vitro study exposed BV2 mouse microglial cells to 3.5 GHz EMF for 2 hours and reports reduced cell growth and increased apoptosis alongside oxidative stress and signaling changes. The authors report that ROS generation and activation of JNK-1/2 and p38 MAPK were key events in the observed cytotoxicity.…

The proliferation rates of HT-1080 human fibrosarcoma cells can be accelerated or inhibited by weak static and extremely low frequency magnetic fields

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2025

This in vitro study exposed HT-1080 human fibrosarcoma cells for 4 days to weak extremely low frequency magnetic fields (10 μT, 12–33 Hz) superimposed on a 45 μT static field. The authors report frequency- and amplitude-dependent increases or decreases in cell growth, including sharp inversions near 16.5 Hz with…

5G-exposed human skin cells do not respond with altered gene expression and methylation profiles

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2025

This in vitro study exposed human skin cells (fibroblasts and keratinocytes) to 5G-band electromagnetic fields for 2 hours and 48 hours using a fully blinded design. Exposures were up to ten times permissible limits, with sham exposure as a negative control and UV exposure as a positive control. The study reports…

The Frequency of a Magnetic Field Determines the Behavior of Tumor and Non-Tumor Nerve Cell Models

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2025

This in vitro study exposed glioblastoma (CT2A), neuroblastoma (N2A), and non-tumor astrocyte (C8D1A) cell models to a 100 μT magnetic field across 20–100 Hz for 24–72 hours. The abstract reports decreased viability and proliferation in the tumor cell models within a frequency window centered at 50 Hz, while…

Effects of moderate static magnetic fields on voltage-gated potassium ion channels in sympathetic neuron-like PC12 cells

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2025

This in vitro study examined effects of moderate static magnetic field exposure on sympathetic neuron-like PC12 cells. The authors report a significant reduction in voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channel current density after 18 hours of exposure, with the reduction persisting after the field was removed. RNA…

Enhanced Antiproliferative Activity of Docetaxel by Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells.

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2025

This in vitro study tested whether extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (50 Hz, 20 mT) enhance docetaxel effects in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The authors report that combining ELF-EMF with docetaxel produced a similar reduction in cell viability at a lower docetaxel concentration than docetaxel alone,…

Investigating the expression changes of several key genes in prostate cancer cells under exposure to the ELF pulsed electromagnetic fields.

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2025

This in vitro study exposed DU-145 prostate cancer cells to extremely low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields (ELF P-EMF) at different intensities and times. The authors report increased cell mortality and apoptosis with higher intensity (22.6–35 mT) and longer exposure. They also report gene-expression changes…

Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields facilitate proliferation and functional differentiation in spinal neural stem cells.

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2025

This in vitro study examined extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) effects on spinal cord-derived neural stem cells (NSCs) from adult mice. The authors report that ELF-EMFs increase NSC proliferation and self-renewal with upregulation of Sox2. They also report activation of T-type calcium channels,…

Static electromagnetic field and recombinant human fibroblasts encoding miR-451 and miR-16 increased cell trans-differentiation to CD and CD erythroid like progenitor.

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2024

This in vitro study tested whether daily exposure to a 10 mT ELF electromagnetic field, combined with miR-16 and miR-451 transfection, could enhance trans-differentiation of human dermal fibroblasts toward erythroid-like progenitors. The authors report increased erythroid-like differentiation with ELF-EMF exposure,…

The exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic-fields inhibits the growth and potentiates the sensitivity to chemotherapy of bidimensional and tridimensional human osteosarcoma models.

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2024

This in vitro study tested a specific extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) on three human osteosarcoma cell lines grown in 2D and 3D spheroid models. The abstract reports that ELF-EMF exposure inhibited proliferation and altered mitochondrial metabolism in the cancer models. It also reports…

The Extremely-Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Field Affects Apoptosis and Oxidative-Stress-Related Genes and Proteins in the Porcine Endometrium-An In Vitro Study.

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2024

This in vitro study exposed porcine endometrial slices collected during the peri-implantation period to a 50 Hz extremely-low-frequency electromagnetic field for 2 hours. The authors report decreased CASP7 and increased NOS3/eNOS mRNA and protein abundance after exposure, along with increases in additional…

Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) induced alterations in gene expression and cytokine secretion in clear cell renal carcinoma cells.

Research RF Safe Research Library Jan 1, 2024

This in vitro study exposed three ccRCC cell lines and a healthy kidney cell line (HEK293) to 50 Hz ELF-EMF at 4.5 mT for 30 minutes daily over 5 days. The authors report exposure-associated changes in expression of several genes (names not fully visible in the abstract), with differences between primary…

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