Effects of Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Field Exposure (50 Hz, 200 µT) on Cell Viability, DNA Damage and Micronucleus Formation of Human Skin Cells.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2026
This in vitro study tested whether 50 Hz extremely low frequency magnetic fields at 200 µT (rms) affect human skin cells (HaCaT). Using blinded, simultaneous exposure and sham-exposure for 2 or 24 hours, the authors assessed cell viability, DNA integrity, and micronucleus formation. The abstract reports no…
Human cells response to electromagnetic waves of radio and microwave frequencies
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2025
This review discusses how human cells may sense and respond to electromagnetic waves, focusing on radiofrequency and microwave ranges. It reports that the literature shows variable health impacts, with studies citing both potential harms and potential benefits in diagnostics and treatment (including cancer-related…
Electrical oscillations in microtubules
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2025
This study introduces a multi-scale electrokinetic model to characterize electrical impulses and ionic current propagation along microtubules, incorporating atomistic protein details and biological environments. It emphasizes nanopore-mediated coupling between microtubule surfaces as a key mechanism enabling luminal…
The proliferation rates of HT-1080 human fibrosarcoma cells can be accelerated or inhibited by weak static and extremely low frequency magnetic fields
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2025
This in vitro study exposed HT-1080 human fibrosarcoma cells for 4 days to weak extremely low frequency magnetic fields (10 μT, 12–33 Hz) superimposed on a 45 μT static field. The authors report frequency- and amplitude-dependent increases or decreases in cell growth, including sharp inversions near 16.5 Hz with…
Electromagnetic field (50 Hz) enhance metabolic potential and induce adaptive/reprogramming response mediated by the increase of N6-methyladenosine RNA methylation in adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in vitro.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2024
This in vitro study exposed adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells to a 50 Hz electromagnetic field (1.5 mT) for 24 and 48 hours and assessed cellular responses. After 24 hours, the authors report increased N6-methyladenosine RNA methylation, increased expression of multiple stem cell markers, and changes in p21 and…
Effect of Electromagnetic Field on Proliferation and Migration of Fibroblasts and Keratinocytes: Implications in Wound Healing and Regeneration.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2024
This narrative review discusses reported effects of EMF, including low-frequency EMF (LF-EMF), on cell behaviors relevant to wound healing and on recovery processes after traumatic brain injury (TBI). It summarizes literature suggesting EMF can promote migration and proliferation of fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and…
It is the Frequency that Matters: Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on the Release and Content of Extracellular Vesicles.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2023
This preprint describes an in vitro bioreactor-based system to test whether electromagnetic/electrical stimulation affects extracellular vesicles (EVs). Using proteomics and single-vesicle flow cytometry, the authors report that stimulation at physiological current amplitudes can modulate EV content in a…
Improved osteogenic differentiation by extremely low electromagnetic field exposure: possible application for bone engineering.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2022
This in vitro study examined intermittent extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) exposure (6 h/day) in human periodontal ligament mesenchymal stem cells during osteogenic differentiation. After 10 days, ELF-EMF-exposed cells showed increased proliferation and calcium deposition versus sham.…
Electromagnetic Fields Generated by the IteraCoil Device Differentiate Mesenchymal Stem Progenitor Cells Into the Osteogenic Lineage.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2022
This in vitro study exposed human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem progenitor cells to an alternating EMF generated by the IteraCoil device at 0.05 and 1 kHz. The authors report that EMF exposure was associated with osteoblastic differentiation in the absence of exogenous pro-osteogenic supplements, assessed by…
The Dynamic(s) of Adipose Stem Cell System, Their Survival, and Cessation under the Influence of Electromagnetic Fields.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2021
This in vitro study examined how extremely low frequency EMF affects adipose-derived stem cell proliferation, cell cycle, viability, and death using fluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry. Under continuous exposure at 76.6 Hz and 20 T (ICR-based parameters), the authors report a statistically significant increase…
The guardians of germ cells; Sertoli-derived exosomes against electromagnetic field-induced oxidative stress in mouse spermatogonial stem cells.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2021
This in vitro study exposed mouse spermatogonial stem cells to 50 Hz EMF (2.5 mT; 1 h/day for 5 days) and assessed oxidative stress and cell health outcomes. The authors report increased ROS and apoptosis with reduced antioxidant (catalase) expression, viability, and colonization after EMF exposure. Sertoli…
Exposure to long-term evolution radiofrequency electromagnetic fields decreases neuroblastoma cell proliferation via Akt/mTOR-mediated cellular senescence.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2021
This in vitro study examined LTE RF-EMF exposure effects on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. The authors report reduced cell proliferation and a G0/G1 cell-cycle delay after 1760 MHz exposure at 4 W/kg for 4 hr/day over 4 days. They report no marked DNA damage signal (γH2AX) and no apoptosis activation, but increased…
Synergic effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field and betaine on in vitro osteogenic differentiation of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2021
This in vitro study tested 50 Hz, 1 mT ELF-EMF exposure (8 h/day for 21 days) and betaine (10 mM) during osteogenic induction of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. The authors report ELF-EMF decreased osteogenic differentiation and reduced RUNX2 and OCN gene expression compared with non-EMF conditions.…
Low-frequency electromagnetic field influences human oral mucosa keratinocyte viability in response to lipopolysaccharide or minocycline treatment in cell culture conditions.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2021
This in vitro study examined whether low-frequency electromagnetic field (LF-EMF) exposure affects viability of human oral mucosa keratinocytes. Apoptosis (early/late) and necrosis were measured by flow cytometry, including conditions with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or minocycline. The authors report that LF-EMF, alone…
Microtubular structure impairment after GSM-modulated RF radiation exposure.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2020
This in vitro study exposed V79 cells to 915 MHz GSM-modulated RF radiation for 1–3 hours at 10–30 V/m (average SARs reported as 0.23–1.6 W/kg). The authors report that 3-hour exposure altered microtubule structure across all tested field strengths and reduced cell growth on the third post-exposure day. They conclude…
Non-Ionizing Radiation for Cardiac Human Amniotic Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Commitment: A Physical Strategy in Regenerative Medicine.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2018
This in vitro study exposed human amniotic mesenchymal stromal cells to an ELF-EMF stimulus (7 Hz, 2.5 µT) and compared responses with a nitric oxide chemical treatment. The authors report reduced cell proliferation with no change in metabolic activity, vitality, or apoptosis after ELF-EMF exposure. They also report…
A 60 Hz uniform electromagnetic field promotes human cell proliferation by decreasing intracellular reactive oxygen species levels.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2018
This in vitro study examined effects of a 6 mT, 60 Hz uniform ELF electromagnetic field on HeLa cells and primary IMR-90 fibroblasts. Single or repetitive exposure did not induce DNA damage or change viability, but continuous exposure over 168 hours was reported to increase proliferation in both cell types in a…
Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields accelerates wound healing modulating MMP-9 and inflammatory cytokines.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2018
This in vitro study used a scratch wound model in human immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT) to examine effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF). ELF-EMF exposure was reported to accelerate wound closure compared with sham and to increase inflammatory cytokine expression/release. The authors…
The effects of electromagnetic fields on B16-BL6 cells are dependent on their spatial and temporal character.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2017
This in vitro study tested several complex low-intensity, low-frequency EMF patterns on proliferation of B16-BL6 mouse melanoma cells. A specific pattern (Thomas-EMF) with a 3 ms point duration reportedly inhibited proliferation and increased calcium uptake, while other timing settings did not. The authors conclude…
The expression of pluripotency and neuronal differentiation markers under the influence of electromagnetic field and nitric oxide.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2017
This in vitro study examined how 50 Hz low-frequency EMF and a nitric oxide donor (Deta-NO) affect stemness and neuronal differentiation markers in rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. The authors report that high NO (1 mM) combined with EMF reduced stemness markers and increased neuronal differentiation markers,…
Stable morphological-physiological and neural protein expression changes in rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells treated with electromagnetic field and nitric oxide.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2017
This in vitro study evaluated combined effects of extremely low frequency EMF (50 Hz, 20 mT) and nitric oxide (NO) on rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. The authors report reduced viability and morphology changes with high NO in the presence of EMF, along with increased calcium ion entry. They also report…
Calreticulin attenuated microwave radiation-induced human microvascular endothelial cell injury through promoting actin acetylation and polymerization.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2017
This in vitro study exposed human microvascular endothelial cells to high-power microwave radiation at multiple power densities for 6 minutes and assessed cellular injury and cytoskeletal outcomes. The authors report dose-dependent injury from microwave exposure, including increased LDH leakage and reduced viability…
Effects of a continuous electromagnetic field on wound healing in human airway.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2015
This in vitro study exposed BEAS-2B human bronchial epithelial cells to a 1.8-GHz continuous EMF at SAR 1.0 W/kg and assessed wound-healing related endpoints. EMF exposure decreased cell migration in a scratch assay compared with controls. The authors report no cytotoxicity, no inhibition of proliferation, and no…
[Time effect of sinusoidal electromagnetic field on enhancing the maturation and mineralization of osteoblasts in vitro].
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2011
This in vitro study exposed newborn rat calvarial osteoblasts to 50 Hz sinusoidal electromagnetic fields at 1.8 mT for different daily exposure times (0.5–3.0 h). The authors report inhibited osteoblast proliferation at longer exposure times, alongside increased differentiation markers (ALP activity) and…
Microscopic observation of living cells during their exposure to modulated electromagnetic fields.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2008
This paper describes an exposure and microscopy system designed to continuously observe living cells during exposure to modulated RF-EMF similar to mobile phone signals. Using protocols where the same cells serve as controls before and after exposure, the system was validated with endocytosis measurements. Under 900…