A Monte Carlo Analysis of Actual Maximum Exposure From a 5G Millimeter-Wave Base Station Antenna for EMF Compliance Assessments

Abstract

A Monte Carlo Analysis of Actual Maximum Exposure From a 5G Millimeter-Wave Base Station Antenna for EMF Compliance Assessments Xu Bo, Anguiano Sanjurjo David, Colombi Davide, Törnevik Christer. A Monte Carlo Analysis of Actual Maximum Exposure From a 5G Millimeter-Wave Base Station Antenna for EMF Compliance Assessments. Frontiers in Public Health. Vol 9. 2022. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.777759. Abstract International radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure assessment standards and regulatory bodies have developed methods and specified requirements to assess the actual maximum RF EMF exposure from radio base stations enabling massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and beamforming. Such techniques are based on the applications of power reduction factors (PRFs), which lead to more realistic, albeit conservative, exposure assessments. In this study, the actual maximum EMF exposure and the corresponding PRFs are computed for a millimeter-wave radio base station array antenna. The computed incident power densities based on near-field and far-field approaches are derived using a Monte Carlo analysis. The results show that the actual maximum exposure is well below the theoretical maximum, and the PRFs similar to those applicable for massive MIMO radio base stations operating below 6 GHz are also applicable for millimeter-wave frequencies. Despite the very low power levels that currently characterize millimeter-wave radio base stations, using the far-field approach can also guarantee the conservativeness of the PRFs used to assess the actual maximum exposure close to the antenna. Open access paper: frontiersin.org

AI evidence extraction

Main findings

Using Monte Carlo analysis for a millimeter-wave radio base station array antenna, computed incident power densities indicate the actual maximum exposure is well below the theoretical maximum. The study reports that PRFs similar to those used for massive MIMO base stations below 6 GHz are also applicable at millimeter-wave frequencies, and that a far-field approach can still provide conservative PRFs for assessing exposure close to the antenna.

Outcomes measured

• Incident power density
• Actual maximum RF EMF exposure
• Power reduction factors (PRFs)
• Near-field vs far-field exposure assessment conservativeness

Suggested hubs

• 5g-policy (0.62)
  Focuses on 5G millimeter-wave base station exposure assessment and compliance methods.

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        "source": "5G base station",
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        "duration": null
    },
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    "outcomes": [
        "Incident power density",
        "Actual maximum RF EMF exposure",
        "Power reduction factors (PRFs)",
        "Near-field vs far-field exposure assessment conservativeness"
    ],
    "main_findings": "Using Monte Carlo analysis for a millimeter-wave radio base station array antenna, computed incident power densities indicate the actual maximum exposure is well below the theoretical maximum. The study reports that PRFs similar to those used for massive MIMO base stations below 6 GHz are also applicable at millimeter-wave frequencies, and that a far-field approach can still provide conservative PRFs for assessing exposure close to the antenna.",
    "effect_direction": "no_effect",
    "limitations": [],
    "evidence_strength": "low",
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    "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
    "keywords": [
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        "base station",
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        "beamforming",
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        "near-field",
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