Effects of Wi-Fi (2.45 GHz) Exposure on Apoptosis, Sperm Parameters and Testicular Histomorphometry in Rats: A Time Course Study

Abstract

Objective: In today's world, 2.45-GHz radio-frequency radiation (RFR) from industrial, scientific, medical, military and domestic applications is the main part of indoor-outdoor electromagnetic field exposure. Long-term effects of 2.45-GHz Wi-Fi radiation on male reproductive system was not known completely. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the major cause of male infertility during short- and long-term exposure of Wi-Fi radiation. Materials and methods: This is an animal experimental study, which was conducted in the Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, IRAN, from June to August 2014. Three-month-old male Wistar rats (n=27) were exposed to the 2.45 GHz radiation in a chamber with two Wi-Fi antennas on opposite walls. Animals were divided into the three following groups: I. control group (n=9) including healthy animals without any exposure to the antenna, II. 1-hour group (n=9) exposed to the 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi radiation for 1 hour per day during two months and III.7-hour group (n=9) exposed to the 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi radiation for 7 hours per day during 2 months. Sperm parameters, caspase-3 concentrations, histomorphometric changes of testis in addition to the apoptotic indexes were evaluated in the exposed and control animals. Results: Both 1-hour and 7-hour groups showed a decrease in sperm parameters in a time dependent pattern. In parallel, the number of apoptosis-positive cells and caspase-3 activity increased in the seminiferous tubules of exposed rats. The seminal vesicle weight reduced significantly in both1-hour or 7-hour groups in comparison to the control group. Conclusion: Regarding to the progressive privilege of 2.45 GHz wireless networks in our environment, we concluded that there should be a major concern regarding the timedependent exposure of whole-body to the higher frequencies of Wi-Fi networks existing in the vicinity of our living places.

AI evidence extraction

Main findings

Compared with controls, both exposed groups (1 hour/day and 7 hours/day for 2 months) showed decreased sperm parameters in a time-dependent pattern. Apoptosis-positive cells and caspase-3 activity increased in seminiferous tubules of exposed rats, and seminal vesicle weight was significantly reduced in both exposure groups.

Outcomes measured

• Sperm parameters
• Apoptosis-positive cells in seminiferous tubules
• Caspase-3 activity/concentration
• Testicular histomorphometry
• Seminal vesicle weight

Limitations

• Specific exposure metrics (e.g., SAR, power density) not reported in the abstract
• Animal study; generalizability to humans not addressed in the abstract

Suggested hubs

• school-wi-fi (0.55)
  Study evaluates biological effects of 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi exposure.

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    "study_type": "animal",
    "exposure": {
        "band": "RF",
        "source": "wi-fi",
        "frequency_mhz": 2450,
        "sar_wkg": null,
        "duration": "1 hour/day for 2 months; 7 hours/day for 2 months"
    },
    "population": "Three-month-old male Wistar rats",
    "sample_size": 27,
    "outcomes": [
        "Sperm parameters",
        "Apoptosis-positive cells in seminiferous tubules",
        "Caspase-3 activity/concentration",
        "Testicular histomorphometry",
        "Seminal vesicle weight"
    ],
    "main_findings": "Compared with controls, both exposed groups (1 hour/day and 7 hours/day for 2 months) showed decreased sperm parameters in a time-dependent pattern. Apoptosis-positive cells and caspase-3 activity increased in seminiferous tubules of exposed rats, and seminal vesicle weight was significantly reduced in both exposure groups.",
    "effect_direction": "harm",
    "limitations": [
        "Specific exposure metrics (e.g., SAR, power density) not reported in the abstract",
        "Animal study; generalizability to humans not addressed in the abstract"
    ],
    "evidence_strength": "low",
    "confidence": 0.7800000000000000266453525910037569701671600341796875,
    "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
    "keywords": [
        "Wi-Fi",
        "2.45 GHz",
        "radio-frequency radiation",
        "rats",
        "male reproductive system",
        "sperm parameters",
        "apoptosis",
        "caspase-3",
        "testicular histomorphometry",
        "seminal vesicle weight"
    ],
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            "reason": "Study evaluates biological effects of 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi exposure."
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}

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