This rat study examined repeated 3.5 GHz RF exposure (2 hours/day, 5 days/week for 30 days) and thyroid-related outcomes, with and without quercetin. The abstract reports altered thyroid hormones (lower T3/T4, higher TSH) and increased oxidative stress in thyroid tissue after RF exposure. Quercetin appeared partially protective, though effects were not uniformly statistically significant, and SAR simulations indicated relatively higher absorption in the thyroid region.

This animal study exposed Sprague-Dawley rats (including pregnant females and offspring) to 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi or mobile jammer radiation for 2 hours daily over two weeks and assessed thyroid hormones and thyroid histology. The abstract reports significant changes in T4 in exposed adult males and significant differences in T3 among male offspring exposed to jammer radiation. Histopathology reportedly showed disrupted thyroid follicular structure in exposed rats. The authors conclude these findings support a potential link between non-ionizing radiation exposure and altered thyroid endocrine and histological parameters.