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This animal study exposed 12-week-old male mice to 2.45 GHz continuous-wave microwave radiation (average power density 0.0248 mW/cm; whole-body SAR 0.0146 W/kg) for 2 hours/day over 15, 30, or 60 days. The authors evaluated testicular histology, testosterone, oxidative/nitrosative stress markers, antioxidant enzymes,…

This animal study used developing quail embryos to assess oxidative and mutagenic effects of low-intensity GSM 1800 MHz radiation from a commercial smartphone. The authors report statistically significant increases in oxidative stress markers, DNA integrity damage, and oxidative DNA damage (8-oxo-dG) in exposed…

This animal study examined liver outcomes in rat offspring 60 days after prenatal exposure to a 900 MHz electromagnetic field for 24 hours/day during gestation. The exposed group showed biochemical changes consistent with oxidative stress (higher MDA, lower GSH) and elevated liver enzymes (ALT, AST). Histopathology…

This animal study exposed Eisenia fetida earthworms to 900 MHz electromagnetic fields at 10–120 V/m for 2 hours (with additional tests of longer exposure, modulation, and recovery). The authors report significant DNA modifications across exposure treatments and a decrease in probe hybridisation sites persisting after…

This animal study examined prenatal exposure to 10 GHz microwave radiation starting at gestation day 0.25 or 11.25 until term. At 3 weeks of age, offspring from exposed pregnancies showed reduced brain and body weight and biochemical changes consistent with oxidative stress compared with sham controls. The authors…

This animal study examined whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation for 2 h/day over 35 days in male Wistar rats. The authors report increased lipid peroxidation (LPO) in liver, brain, and spleen and histological changes across multiple organs compared with sham-exposed controls. They conclude the exposure…

This animal study examined combined exposure to microwave radiation and hypergravity in rats and assessed whether Rana sylvatica Le Conte oil had protective effects. The hypergravity plus microwave group showed reduced motor performance, reduced cholinergic enzyme activities, and reduced total antioxidant capacity,…

This case report describes a 40-year-old male with type 1 diabetes who reported repeated episodes of markedly elevated blood glucose associated with nearby microwave radiation from wireless technology, with decreases after exposure ended. In one episode, body temperature also increased, and both measures reportedly…

This in vitro study exposed human proximal renal tubular epithelial cells (HKC) to microwave irradiation for 24 hours and assessed cell injury, oxidative stress, and cell death. The authors report increased injury markers (LDH, NAG), increased oxidative stress (higher MDA, lower SOD), and more apoptosis/necrosis…

This narrative review proposes that low-intensity microwave/lower-frequency EMFs activate plasma membrane calcium channels in animals, increasing intracellular calcium and triggering downstream signaling including oxidative stress pathways. It further suggests that EMF actions in terrestrial multicellular plants are…

This 2016 narrative review proposes that non-thermal microwave/lower-frequency EMFs act primarily through activation of voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs), with calcium channel blockers reported to block EMF effects. It summarizes animal, occupational, and epidemiological literature and reports that exposures…

This animal study assessed redox-state changes in rat brain cells after long-term low-intensity ionizing radiation exposure or fractionated non-thermal UHF electromagnetic radiation. Both exposures were associated with decreased ubisemiquinone and increased NO-FeS-protein complexes, alongside increased mitochondrial…

This animal study exposed male Swiss mice to 2.45 GHz continuous-wave microwave radiation for 2 hours/day over 15, 30, or 60 days. The authors report increased hippocampal oxidative/nitrosative stress and increased apoptosis in neuronal and nonneuronal hippocampal subfields. They also report duration-dependent…

This animal experiment randomized 20 male Sprague-Dawley rats to 900 MHz electromagnetic radiation exposure (4 h/day for 18 days) or no exposure. The exposed group showed increased oxidative stress markers in liver tissue (higher MDA, lower GSH) and reported histopathological changes, along with increased apoptosis…

This in vitro study exposed human blood platelet suspensions to 1 kHz electromagnetic fields at 150 or 220 V/m for 30 or 60 minutes. The authors report increased ROS and MDA (at 220 V/m, 30 min) and decreased antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD-1 and catalase), with the largest changes at 220 V/m for 60 minutes. They…

This randomized animal experiment examined whether 60 Hz extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF) exposure alters oxidative stress-related biomarkers in 75 Wistar rats. The authors report increased lipid peroxidation markers after both single and 14-day exposures, alongside changes in antioxidant-related…

This animal study exposed 12-week-old male Swiss strain mice to non-thermal low-level 2.45-GHz microwave radiation for 2 hours per day over 30 days (SAR 0.018 W/kg). The abstract reports reduced sperm count and viability, testicular structural changes, lower 3β-HSD activity and plasma testosterone, and increased…

This animal study examined 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi exposure in a PTZ-induced epilepsy rat model using freshly isolated hippocampal and DRG neurons. The authors report that epilepsy increased Ca(2+) influx, oxidative stress markers, and apoptosis-related outcomes, and that Wi-Fi exposure produced additional increases in…

This cross-sectional study assessed whether daily mobile phone usage time is associated with salivary total antioxidant capacity in 105 volunteers. Participants were divided into three groups by usage, and total antioxidant capacity was measured using the FRAP method. The study reports a statistically significant…

This animal study tested whether 900 MHz EMF exposure, alone or combined with brain iron overload, affects cognition and brain biochemistry in Long-Evans rats. EMF-exposed rats showed impairment in an object exploration task and changes in monoamine content (notably in the hippocampus), while other spatial…