Using field-circuit coupling numerical simulations near a 200 kVA three-phase transformer, the maximum exposure occurred for a simulated patient directly beneath the transformer. Cardiac-tissue Bmax and Emax were reported to be below ICNIRP public exposure li…
No statistically significant changes in tumor incidence or survival rates were observed. No significant RF-related effects were detected in heart, brain, or adrenal glands. No changes in body temperature. Genotoxicity tests showed no evidence of DNA damage or…
Exposure to 50 Hz ELF magnetic fields at 200 µT for 2 or 24 hours showed no significant effects on cell viability, DNA integrity, or chromosomal distribution in human skin cells.
In male Hsd:Sprague Dawley rats exposed to 900 MHz CDMA-modulated RF-EMFs at whole-body SAR 4 W/kg for 18 h 20 min/day over 2 years, there were no statistically significant increases in neoplastic or non-neoplastic lesion incidences in major organs. Genotoxic…
COMSOL multiphysics electromagnetic-thermal coupling simulations at 900, 2600, and 3500 MHz found a maximum SAR of 5.55 × 10-4 W/kg in the trunk at 3500 MHz. Tissue temperatures reached thermal steady state after 30 min; the maximum temperature rise was 0.212…
In 62 patients receiving ultrasound-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus block with lidocaine and levobupivacaine, dexmedetomidine 0.5 µg/kg given perineurally versus intramuscularly produced comparable onset and duration of sensory and motor blockade. The …
In a year-long frequency-selective measurement campaign in the Peloponnese Region of Greece, all measured electric field values were well below Greek safety limits; the highest ground-level measurement was about 18 times lower than the limit. The 900 MHz band…
A vibrating intrinsic reverberation chamber (VIRC) was implemented inside a walk-in plant growth chamber and enabled real-time monitoring of electric field parameters within a defined working volume. The electric field in the VIRC was reported as stable and s…
Ambient RF-EMF exposure was characterized in 15 operating rooms during 67 surgical procedures (120 h 45 min). The highest recorded mean value was 58.82 μW/m on the 2.4 GHz Wi‑Fi band. In all operating rooms, exposure remained below 0.4% of the ICNIRP (2020) r…
Over 1 year of monitoring in a nuclear medicine department, results from electronic personnel dosimeters, radon gas measurements, and electric field (EMF) measurements were reported to be far below national and international legal dose limits.
Numerical simulations at 5.9 GHz estimated that both localized and whole-body 30 min average SAR values were below ICNIRP occupational restrictions (100 kHz to 6 GHz). In the worst-case scenario, head SAR was 0.981 W/kg and whole-body average SAR was 0.008728…
In fibroblasts and keratinocytes exposed to electromagnetic fields described as within the 5G band (up to ten times permissible limits) for 2 hours or 48 hours, observed differences in gene expression and DNA methylation were minor and consistent with random …
In human neuroblastoma cell cultures exposed for 3 hours at 26.5 GHz (SAR 1.25 W/kg), neither continuous wave nor 5G-modulated signals produced detectable effects on assessed cellular endpoints, including cell cycle and DNA damage. No effects were observed wh…
Spot measurements in line-of-sight to 56 active 5G macro base stations at 30 UK public locations found total RF and 5G-specific power density levels well within the 1998 ICNIRP public reference levels, including extrapolation to a stated worst-case scenario. …
Using SEER 22 data (2000–2021), malignant brain tumor incidence in adolescents and adults decreased (APC -0.6; p=0.0004), while benign brain tumor incidence increased (APC 1.9; p=0.00003). Temporal lobe tumors showed no significant change (APC -0.06; p=0.551)…
Comprehensive in-vehicle magnetic field measurements in modern Japanese EVs, PHEVs, and ICEVs (during actual driving) found all measured magnetic flux density values were below ICNIRP public exposure reference levels. Maximum fields were observed at the rear …
Across 6–14 unique outdoor microenvironments per country in the Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium, and Spain, no significant changes were found in mobile base station-origin (total downlink) exposure between baseline (2016) and follow-up (2023). Median mobile…
Across 146 spot measurements in Belgium, Switzerland, Hungary, and Poland (indoors/outdoors; urban/rural; public spaces and educational institutions), all measured RF EMF incident power densities were well within ICNIRP guidelines. The highest Smax,5G was 10.…
Field measurements around a large public festival in Valencia, Spain found that 5G downlink power density in the 3500 MHz band increased by up to a factor of eight during the event versus a baseline day. A 30-minute continuous measurement produced ~30% higher…
Theoretical extrapolations and directly measured RF-EMF exposure levels in semiurban/urban environments (including a campus case study) were reported to align with ICNIRP recommended limits, including under high network data demand scenarios. The study also r…
