Numerical analysis of low-frequency electromagnetic field effects from three-phase transformer on coronary stents and cardiac tissues.

Abstract

The widespread clinical adoption of novel magnesium alloy coronary stents, combined with increasing densification of urban power transmission infrastructure, highlighted a significant research gap regarding the effects of power-frequency electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on these implants. This study employed field-circuit coupling numerical methods to simulate electromagnetic field exposure in simulated patients with implanted coronary stent positioned at various locations near a 200kVA three-phase transformer. The analysis focused on the distribution patterns of induced electromagnetic fields within both cardiac tissues and the stent, as well as the resultant Ampere forces acting on the stent. The results showed that the simulated patient directly beneath the three-phase transformer was exposed to the maximum electromagnetic radiation, but the magnetic flux density (Bmax) and the induced electric field intensity (Emax) of the cardiac tissue were lower than the public exposure limits of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). The Bmax and Emax of the stent at the same position were 1.245 μT and 5.086 × 10-4 mV/m, respectively. The maximum Ampere force density of the stent in the Y- axis (perpendicular to the coronal plane) was 3.714 × 10-6 N/m3. The above findings indicate that, under the conditions of this simulation, a 200 kVA power transformer exerts minimal interference on the magnesium alloy stent and cardiac tissues. The magnetic flux density and induced electric field in the heart tissues, as well as the Ampere force acting on the magnesium alloy stent, all remain within established safety limits.

AI evidence extraction

Main findings

Using field-circuit coupling numerical simulations near a 200 kVA three-phase transformer, the maximum exposure occurred for a simulated patient directly beneath the transformer. Cardiac-tissue Bmax and Emax were reported to be below ICNIRP public exposure limits; at the same position, stent Bmax was 1.245 μT and stent Emax was 5.086×10^-4 mV/m, with maximum stent Ampere force density (Y-axis) 3.714×10^-6 N/m^3. The authors conclude minimal interference on the magnesium alloy stent and cardiac tissues under the simulated conditions.

Outcomes measured

• Induced magnetic flux density (Bmax) in cardiac tissue
• Induced electric field intensity (Emax) in cardiac tissue
• Bmax in stent
• Emax in stent
• Ampere force density acting on stent

Limitations

• Numerical simulation study (no in vivo/clinical measurements reported)
• Exposure frequency not specified in the abstract
• Details of model assumptions/geometry and stent positions not fully described in the abstract
• Results limited to a 200 kVA three-phase transformer scenario

Suggested hubs

• who-icnirp (0.78)
  Abstract explicitly compares simulated exposure metrics to ICNIRP public exposure limits.
• occupational-exposure (0.35)
  Transformer-related ELF exposure scenario could be relevant to power infrastructure environments, though the abstract frames it as public exposure near urban infrastructure.

{
    "study_type": "engineering",
    "exposure": {
        "band": "ELF",
        "source": "three-phase transformer",
        "frequency_mhz": null,
        "sar_wkg": null,
        "duration": null
    },
    "population": "Simulated patients with implanted magnesium alloy coronary stent",
    "sample_size": null,
    "outcomes": [
        "Induced magnetic flux density (Bmax) in cardiac tissue",
        "Induced electric field intensity (Emax) in cardiac tissue",
        "Bmax in stent",
        "Emax in stent",
        "Ampere force density acting on stent"
    ],
    "main_findings": "Using field-circuit coupling numerical simulations near a 200 kVA three-phase transformer, the maximum exposure occurred for a simulated patient directly beneath the transformer. Cardiac-tissue Bmax and Emax were reported to be below ICNIRP public exposure limits; at the same position, stent Bmax was 1.245 μT and stent Emax was 5.086×10^-4 mV/m, with maximum stent Ampere force density (Y-axis) 3.714×10^-6 N/m^3. The authors conclude minimal interference on the magnesium alloy stent and cardiac tissues under the simulated conditions.",
    "effect_direction": "no_effect",
    "limitations": [
        "Numerical simulation study (no in vivo/clinical measurements reported)",
        "Exposure frequency not specified in the abstract",
        "Details of model assumptions/geometry and stent positions not fully described in the abstract",
        "Results limited to a 200 kVA three-phase transformer scenario"
    ],
    "evidence_strength": "low",
    "confidence": 0.7399999999999999911182158029987476766109466552734375,
    "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
    "keywords": [
        "power-frequency electromagnetic fields",
        "ELF EMF",
        "three-phase transformer",
        "200 kVA",
        "coronary stent",
        "magnesium alloy stent",
        "cardiac tissue",
        "induced electric field",
        "magnetic flux density",
        "Ampere force",
        "ICNIRP limits",
        "field-circuit coupling",
        "numerical simulation"
    ],
    "suggested_hubs": [
        {
            "slug": "who-icnirp",
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            "reason": "Abstract explicitly compares simulated exposure metrics to ICNIRP public exposure limits."
        },
        {
            "slug": "occupational-exposure",
            "weight": 0.34999999999999997779553950749686919152736663818359375,
            "reason": "Transformer-related ELF exposure scenario could be relevant to power infrastructure environments, though the abstract frames it as public exposure near urban infrastructure."
        }
    ]
}

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