Evidence of the radiofrequency exposure on the antioxidant status potentially contributing to the inflammatory response and demyelination in rat brain

Abstract

Evidence of the radiofrequency exposure on the antioxidant status potentially contributing to the inflammatory response and demyelination in rat brain Sharma A, Shrivastava S, Singh A, Gupte SS, Rathore A, Reshi MS, Shukla S. Evidence of the radiofrequency exposure on the antioxidant status potentially contributing to the inflammatory response and demyelination in rat brain. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2022 Jun 11:103903. doi: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103903. Highlights • MWR produces a significant rise in lipid peroxidation and depletion of total antioxidant status. • Chronic exposure of MWR alters the heme synthetic pathway. • MWR exposure induces inflammatory response in the rats that may cause neural injury. • Prolonged MWR exposure degenerated hippocampus, cerebellum and corpus callosum. • Long term MWR exposure showed mitochondrial damage and demyelination. Abstract Present study exhibited the oxidative potential of microwave radiation (MWR) leading to the neurodegeneration in rats. Wistar rats were exposed at 2100MHz frequency for 4hours/day, 5days/week/3 months. Animals were exposed at an estimated specific absorption rate (0.453W/kg) and power density (8.237µW/m2). After exposure, the irradiated group was compared with control group. Results indicated that microwave exposure significantly increased the levels of serological triglycerides and cholesterol. Oxidative stress is observed through alteration of Glutathione homeostasis followed by Activated inflammatory response further confirmed by pro and anti- inflammatory cytokines in the exposed group. Histopathological assessments and electron microscopic observation confirmed a significant change in the myelination pattern and cellular organelles in the brain of exposed animals. Taking everything into account it can be concluded that chronic exposure of 2100-MHz frequency caused oxidative stress, which leads to neural damage and demyelination and may affect neural communication. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Conclusion In conclusion, our findings suggested that 2100 MHz frequency exposure (0.433, W/kg SAR) leads to an increase in free radicals due to compromised GSH homeostasis. It contributes to the poor defense capacity of the brain against reactive oxygen species that leads to a condition of oxidative stress. The oxidative stress modulates immune responses that further elicit neuronal cell death and demyelination. Thus, strengthening the statement that microwave radiation exposure is a "multi-hit” process of pathogenesis, including, oxidative stress, inflammatory activation, and demyelination contributed to the prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases.

AI evidence extraction

Main findings

Wistar rats exposed to 2100 MHz microwave radiation (estimated SAR 0.453 W/kg; power density 8.237 µW/m2) for 3 months showed increased triglycerides and cholesterol, evidence of oxidative stress (altered glutathione homeostasis, increased lipid peroxidation, depleted antioxidant status), inflammatory cytokine changes, and histopathological/electron microscopic findings consistent with mitochondrial damage and altered myelination/demyelination in brain tissue compared with controls.

Outcomes measured

• Lipid peroxidation
• Total antioxidant status
• Heme synthetic pathway alteration
• Serological triglycerides
• Serological cholesterol
• Glutathione (GSH) homeostasis
• Inflammatory response (pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines)
• Histopathology of brain (hippocampus, cerebellum, corpus callosum)
• Mitochondrial damage (electron microscopy)
• Demyelination / altered myelination pattern
• Neural injury / neurodegeneration

Limitations

• Sample size not reported in the provided abstract/metadata
• Animal study; generalizability to humans not established in the provided text
• Exposure characterization details beyond frequency, SAR, and power density (e.g., modulation, distance, dosimetry methods) not provided in the provided text

Suggested hubs

• rf-animal-studies (0.9)
  Controlled microwave/RF exposure experiment in Wistar rats assessing neurobiological outcomes.

{
    "study_type": "animal",
    "exposure": {
        "band": "microwave",
        "source": null,
        "frequency_mhz": 2100,
        "sar_wkg": 0.453000000000000013766765505351941101253032684326171875,
        "duration": "4 hours/day, 5 days/week, 3 months"
    },
    "population": "Wistar rats",
    "sample_size": null,
    "outcomes": [
        "Lipid peroxidation",
        "Total antioxidant status",
        "Heme synthetic pathway alteration",
        "Serological triglycerides",
        "Serological cholesterol",
        "Glutathione (GSH) homeostasis",
        "Inflammatory response (pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines)",
        "Histopathology of brain (hippocampus, cerebellum, corpus callosum)",
        "Mitochondrial damage (electron microscopy)",
        "Demyelination / altered myelination pattern",
        "Neural injury / neurodegeneration"
    ],
    "main_findings": "Wistar rats exposed to 2100 MHz microwave radiation (estimated SAR 0.453 W/kg; power density 8.237 µW/m2) for 3 months showed increased triglycerides and cholesterol, evidence of oxidative stress (altered glutathione homeostasis, increased lipid peroxidation, depleted antioxidant status), inflammatory cytokine changes, and histopathological/electron microscopic findings consistent with mitochondrial damage and altered myelination/demyelination in brain tissue compared with controls.",
    "effect_direction": "harm",
    "limitations": [
        "Sample size not reported in the provided abstract/metadata",
        "Animal study; generalizability to humans not established in the provided text",
        "Exposure characterization details beyond frequency, SAR, and power density (e.g., modulation, distance, dosimetry methods) not provided in the provided text"
    ],
    "evidence_strength": "low",
    "confidence": 0.7800000000000000266453525910037569701671600341796875,
    "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
    "keywords": [
        "radiofrequency",
        "microwave radiation",
        "2100 MHz",
        "SAR",
        "oxidative stress",
        "glutathione",
        "lipid peroxidation",
        "inflammation",
        "cytokines",
        "neurodegeneration",
        "demyelination",
        "mitochondrial damage",
        "rat brain"
    ],
    "suggested_hubs": [
        {
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            "weight": 0.90000000000000002220446049250313080847263336181640625,
            "reason": "Controlled microwave/RF exposure experiment in Wistar rats assessing neurobiological outcomes."
        }
    ]
}

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