Effect on the immune system of mice exposed chronically to 50 Hz amplitude-modulated 2.45 GHz microwaves

PAPER manual Bioelectromagnetics 1996 Animal study Effect: mixed Evidence: Low

Read original paper → DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-186x(1996)17:3<246::aid-bem11>3.0.co;2-o PMID: 8809365 Evidence Lab

Abstract

The effect of continuous (CW; 2.45 GHz carrier frequency) or amplitude-modulated (AM; 50 Hz square wave) microwave radiation on the immune response was tested. CW exposures (6 days, 3 h/day) induced elevations of the number of antibody-producing cells in the spleen of male Balb/c mice (+37%). AM microwave exposure induced elevation of the spleen index (+15%) and antibody-producing cell number (+55%) in the spleen of male mice. No changes were observed in female mice. It is concluded that both types of exposure conditions induced moderate elevation of antibody production only in male mice.

AI evidence extraction

At a glance

Study type

Animal study

Effect direction

mixed

Population

Male and female Balb/c mice

Sample size

—

Exposure

microwave · 2450 MHz · 6 days, 3 h/day (CW exposure); duration for AM exposure not explicitly stated

Evidence strength

Low

Confidence: 78% · Peer-reviewed: yes

Main findings

In male Balb/c mice, continuous-wave 2.45 GHz exposure (6 days, 3 h/day) increased the number of antibody-producing spleen cells by 37%. Amplitude-modulated exposure (50 Hz square wave modulation of 2.45 GHz) increased spleen index by 15% and antibody-producing cell number by 55% in males; no changes were observed in females.

Outcomes measured

Immune response
Number of antibody-producing cells in spleen
Spleen index

Limitations

Sample size not reported in the provided abstract/metadata
Exposure intensity/dose (e.g., SAR, power density) not reported
Duration details for the amplitude-modulated exposure not explicitly stated
Findings reported as sex-specific (effects in males only)

View raw extracted JSON

{
    "study_type": "animal",
    "exposure": {
        "band": "microwave",
        "source": null,
        "frequency_mhz": 2450,
        "sar_wkg": null,
        "duration": "6 days, 3 h/day (CW exposure); duration for AM exposure not explicitly stated"
    },
    "population": "Male and female Balb/c mice",
    "sample_size": null,
    "outcomes": [
        "Immune response",
        "Number of antibody-producing cells in spleen",
        "Spleen index"
    ],
    "main_findings": "In male Balb/c mice, continuous-wave 2.45 GHz exposure (6 days, 3 h/day) increased the number of antibody-producing spleen cells by 37%. Amplitude-modulated exposure (50 Hz square wave modulation of 2.45 GHz) increased spleen index by 15% and antibody-producing cell number by 55% in males; no changes were observed in females.",
    "effect_direction": "mixed",
    "limitations": [
        "Sample size not reported in the provided abstract/metadata",
        "Exposure intensity/dose (e.g., SAR, power density) not reported",
        "Duration details for the amplitude-modulated exposure not explicitly stated",
        "Findings reported as sex-specific (effects in males only)"
    ],
    "evidence_strength": "low",
    "confidence": 0.7800000000000000266453525910037569701671600341796875,
    "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
    "keywords": [
        "mice",
        "Balb/c",
        "microwave",
        "2.45 GHz",
        "amplitude modulation",
        "50 Hz",
        "immune system",
        "antibody-producing cells",
        "spleen index",
        "sex differences"
    ],
    "suggested_hubs": []
}

AI can be wrong. Always verify against the paper.

AI-extracted fields are generated from the abstract/metadata and may be incomplete or incorrect. This content is for informational purposes only and is not medical advice.

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