Alleviation of Inflammatory Conditions Caused by Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure by .

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Electronic devices such as cellphones, microwaves, and other household devices are known to emit electromagnetic waves. As such, it creates an environment that may disrupt homeostasis. Ginsenosides in red ginseng is a Korean herb that is known for their anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic properties. This study aims to assess the therapeutic properties of ginsenosides in extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field exposure (ELF-EMF) environment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To observe the anti-inflammatory effects of ginsenosides, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and ELF-EMF-induced RAW 264.7 cells were treated with 14 ginsenosides. Here, the production and gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and nitric oxide (NO) were determined. Furthermore, neuronal apoptosis was examined as this may be induced by excessive secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased calcium influx. RESULTS: RAW264.7 cells exposed to ELF-EMF showed an increase in NO production and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, under ELF-EMF exposure, translocation of NF-kB increased and NFAT2, due to elevated calcium influx, increased as well. These inflammatory responses were alleviated by the ginsenosides and among the 14 ginsenosides, ginsenoside Rd had the most potent anti-inflammatory effect. CONCLUSION: Ginsenosides alleviate inflammation induced by ELF-EMF by downregulating inflammatory-related cytokines and proteins. It also had an effect on decreasing nerve cell apoptosis by reducing inflammatory response.

AI evidence extraction

Main findings

In RAW 264.7 cells, ELF-EMF exposure increased NO production and pro-inflammatory cytokines, with increased NF-κB translocation and increased NFAT2 under elevated calcium influx. Treatment with ginsenosides alleviated these inflammatory responses, and ginsenoside Rd was reported as the most potent among 14 ginsenosides; the study also reports decreased nerve cell apoptosis via reduced inflammatory response.

Outcomes measured

• Nitric oxide (NO) production
• Pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) production and gene expression
• NF-κB translocation
• NFAT2 (associated with calcium influx)
• Neuronal apoptosis

Limitations

• In vitro cell model (RAW 264.7); findings may not translate to humans
• Exposure parameters (e.g., frequency, intensity, duration) not provided in the abstract
• Sample size and replication details not provided in the abstract
• Neuronal apoptosis assessment details (cell type/model and methods) not provided in the abstract

{
    "study_type": "in_vitro",
    "exposure": {
        "band": "ELF",
        "source": null,
        "frequency_mhz": null,
        "sar_wkg": null,
        "duration": null
    },
    "population": null,
    "sample_size": null,
    "outcomes": [
        "Nitric oxide (NO) production",
        "Pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) production and gene expression",
        "NF-κB translocation",
        "NFAT2 (associated with calcium influx)",
        "Neuronal apoptosis"
    ],
    "main_findings": "In RAW 264.7 cells, ELF-EMF exposure increased NO production and pro-inflammatory cytokines, with increased NF-κB translocation and increased NFAT2 under elevated calcium influx. Treatment with ginsenosides alleviated these inflammatory responses, and ginsenoside Rd was reported as the most potent among 14 ginsenosides; the study also reports decreased nerve cell apoptosis via reduced inflammatory response.",
    "effect_direction": "mixed",
    "limitations": [
        "In vitro cell model (RAW 264.7); findings may not translate to humans",
        "Exposure parameters (e.g., frequency, intensity, duration) not provided in the abstract",
        "Sample size and replication details not provided in the abstract",
        "Neuronal apoptosis assessment details (cell type/model and methods) not provided in the abstract"
    ],
    "evidence_strength": "very_low",
    "confidence": 0.7399999999999999911182158029987476766109466552734375,
    "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
    "keywords": [
        "extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field",
        "ELF-EMF",
        "inflammation",
        "RAW 264.7",
        "lipopolysaccharide",
        "ginsenosides",
        "red ginseng",
        "ginsenoside Rd",
        "TNF-α",
        "IL-6",
        "IL-1β",
        "nitric oxide",
        "NF-κB",
        "NFAT2",
        "calcium influx",
        "neuronal apoptosis"
    ],
    "suggested_hubs": []
}

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