Thermomagnetic Resonance Effect of the Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Field on Three-Dimensional Cancer Models.

Abstract

In our recent studies, we have developed a thermodynamic biochemical model able to select the resonant frequency of an extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) specifically affecting different types of cancer, and we have demonstrated its effects in vitro. In this work, we investigate the cellular response to the ELF electromagnetic wave in three-dimensional (3D) culture models, which mimic the features of tumors in vivo. Cell membrane was modelled as a resistor-capacitor circuit and the specific thermal resonant frequency was calculated and tested on two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures of human pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma and breast cancer. Cell proliferation and the transcription of respiratory chain and adenosine triphosphate synthase subunits, as well as uncoupling proteins, were assessed. For the first time, we demonstrate that an ELF-EMF hampers growth and potentiates both the coupled and uncoupled respiration of all analyzed models. Interestingly, the metabolic shift was evident even in the 3D aggregates, making this approach particularly valuable and promising for future application in vivo, in aggressive cancer tissues characterized by resistance to treatments.

AI evidence extraction

Main findings

In 2D and 3D culture models of human pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma, and breast cancer, exposure to an ELF-EMF at a calculated thermal resonant frequency was reported to hamper growth and to potentiate both coupled and uncoupled respiration. The metabolic shift was reported to be evident in 3D aggregates.

Outcomes measured

• Cell proliferation/growth
• Transcription of respiratory chain subunits
• Transcription of ATP synthase subunits
• Transcription of uncoupling proteins
• Coupled respiration
• Uncoupled respiration
• Metabolic shift in 3D aggregates

Limitations

• Exposure parameters (e.g., exact frequency, field strength, duration) are not provided in the abstract.
• In vitro study using 2D and 3D culture models; findings may not translate to in vivo outcomes.
• Sample size and replication details are not stated in the abstract.

{
    "study_type": "in_vitro",
    "exposure": {
        "band": "ELF",
        "source": null,
        "frequency_mhz": null,
        "sar_wkg": null,
        "duration": null
    },
    "population": null,
    "sample_size": null,
    "outcomes": [
        "Cell proliferation/growth",
        "Transcription of respiratory chain subunits",
        "Transcription of ATP synthase subunits",
        "Transcription of uncoupling proteins",
        "Coupled respiration",
        "Uncoupled respiration",
        "Metabolic shift in 3D aggregates"
    ],
    "main_findings": "In 2D and 3D culture models of human pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma, and breast cancer, exposure to an ELF-EMF at a calculated thermal resonant frequency was reported to hamper growth and to potentiate both coupled and uncoupled respiration. The metabolic shift was reported to be evident in 3D aggregates.",
    "effect_direction": "benefit",
    "limitations": [
        "Exposure parameters (e.g., exact frequency, field strength, duration) are not provided in the abstract.",
        "In vitro study using 2D and 3D culture models; findings may not translate to in vivo outcomes.",
        "Sample size and replication details are not stated in the abstract."
    ],
    "evidence_strength": "low",
    "confidence": 0.7399999999999999911182158029987476766109466552734375,
    "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
    "keywords": [
        "extremely low frequency",
        "ELF-EMF",
        "thermomagnetic resonance",
        "thermal resonant frequency",
        "3D culture",
        "tumor spheroids",
        "pancreatic cancer",
        "glioblastoma",
        "breast cancer",
        "cell proliferation",
        "mitochondrial respiration",
        "ATP synthase",
        "uncoupling proteins"
    ],
    "suggested_hubs": []
}

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