Evening smartphone exposure impairs sleep quality and next-day performance in elite soccer players: a randomized controlled trial.

Abstract

This study aimed to examine the effects of pre-bedtime smartphone use on sleep quality and athletic performance in soccer players while also investigating potential time-of-day variations. In this randomized controlled crossover trial, 16 male elite-level players were assigned to either use a smartphone for two hours prior to bedtime or read magazines (control), separated by a one-week washout period. Participants completed morning and afternoon performance tests (cognitive and physical assessments) and sleep quality measurements. Nocturnal smartphone use significantly impaired sleep quality, increasing sleepiness after days 3 and 5 (p < 0.01; d=5.74, d=5.72, respectively), decreasing total sleep time, increasing sleep onset latency, and reducing sleep efficiency (all p < 0.01; d=1, d=4.59). Cognitive performance initially showed improved afternoon results, although following five days of smartphone use, this pattern reversed with enhanced morning performance (p < 0.01; d=0.53, d=1.48). Simple and choice reaction times deteriorated significantly in afternoon sessions compared to both baseline and control conditions (p < 0.01; d=0.96-3.47). Physical performance tests revealed decreased jumping ability and slower reactive agility times following five nights of smartphone use, particularly in afternoon sessions (p < 0.01; d=0.85-0.91). Five consecutive nights of pre-bedtime smartphone use impaired sleep quality and both cognitive and physical performance in elite soccer players, with stronger effects in afternoon sessions. These findings emphasize the importance of implementing device-free periods prior to bedtime and potentially adjusting training schedules when evening screen exposure is unavoidable. Future research should explore countermeasures for managing evening device exposure in elite athletes.

AI evidence extraction

Main findings

Pre-bedtime smartphone use for five consecutive nights significantly impaired sleep quality by increasing sleepiness, reducing total sleep time, increasing sleep onset latency, and lowering sleep efficiency. Cognitive and physical performance deteriorated, especially in afternoon sessions, with slower reaction times, decreased jumping ability, and reduced reactive agility.

Outcomes measured

• sleep quality
• sleepiness
• total sleep time
• sleep onset latency
• sleep efficiency
• cognitive performance
• simple reaction time
• choice reaction time
• physical performance
• jumping ability
• reactive agility times

Limitations

• small sample size (16 participants)
• only male elite soccer players limiting generalizability
• short duration of exposure (five days)
• no information on specific EMF exposure parameters

Suggested hubs

• occupational-exposure (0.3)
  study on elite athletes with device exposure affecting performance
• 5g-policy (0.2)
  smartphone use involves RF exposure, relevant to 5G discussions

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        "duration": "two hours prior to bedtime for five consecutive nights"
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    "population": "16 male elite-level soccer players",
    "sample_size": 16,
    "outcomes": [
        "sleep quality",
        "sleepiness",
        "total sleep time",
        "sleep onset latency",
        "sleep efficiency",
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        "reactive agility times"
    ],
    "main_findings": "Pre-bedtime smartphone use for five consecutive nights significantly impaired sleep quality by increasing sleepiness, reducing total sleep time, increasing sleep onset latency, and lowering sleep efficiency. Cognitive and physical performance deteriorated, especially in afternoon sessions, with slower reaction times, decreased jumping ability, and reduced reactive agility.",
    "effect_direction": "harm",
    "limitations": [
        "small sample size (16 participants)",
        "only male elite soccer players limiting generalizability",
        "short duration of exposure (five days)",
        "no information on specific EMF exposure parameters"
    ],
    "evidence_strength": "moderate",
    "confidence": 0.6999999999999999555910790149937383830547332763671875,
    "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
    "keywords": [
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        "cognitive performance",
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    ],
    "suggested_hubs": [
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