Nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite bioceramic using microwave radiation: Synthesis and characterization.

Abstract

In this work, we synthesized bioactive hydroxyapatite (Ca(PO)(OH), HAp) ceramic powder in the lower-end of nano-regime using microwave radiation, which offers several advantages. The powder was synthesized using calcium nitrate tetrahydrate and sodium phosphate dibasic anhydrous as the starting materials. EDTA served as the complex reagent. The pH of the final suspension was adjusted to 9 by adding ammonium hydroxide. Applied microwave power of 600W, pH of the suspension, mole ratio of Ca/P in the staring chemicals, and the chelating effect of EDTA served as the factors in the synthesis of nanocrystalline HAp powder. The synthesized powder was studied using various characterizing techniques viz., XRD, SEM, HR-TEM, EDS, TG/DTA and FT-IR to determine powder morphology, particle-size, crystallinity, phases, elemental composition and thermal behavior. Results confirmed highly crystalline nano-powder (5-30nm) with elemental composition of Ca and P in HAp phase and possessed mixed (elliptical and rod-shape) morphology. Using the Scherrer formula, the average crystallite size was found to be 12nm. The FT-IR confirmed that the powder is of typical apatite structure. Thermal analysis showed a remarkably lower initial dehydroxylation temperature, compared to micron sized HAp, as reported in literature.

AI evidence extraction

Main findings

Hydroxyapatite ceramic powder was synthesized using microwave radiation (applied microwave power 600 W). Characterization indicated highly crystalline HAp nanopowder (reported particle size 5–30 nm; average crystallite size 12 nm by Scherrer), with Ca and P in the HAp phase and mixed (elliptical and rod-shaped) morphology; FT-IR supported a typical apatite structure. Thermal analysis showed a lower initial dehydroxylation temperature compared with micron-sized HAp as reported in the literature.

Outcomes measured

• Synthesis of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (HAp) powder
• Powder morphology and particle size (XRD/SEM/HR-TEM)
• Crystallinity/phases and elemental composition (XRD/EDS)
• Thermal behavior (TG/DTA)
• Chemical structure confirmation (FT-IR)

Limitations

• Microwave frequency not reported in the abstract
• No biological/health outcomes assessed; this is a materials synthesis/characterization study
• No exposure metrics beyond applied microwave power (e.g., field strength, SAR, duration) reported

{
    "study_type": "engineering",
    "exposure": {
        "band": "microwave",
        "source": "microwave radiation (materials synthesis)",
        "frequency_mhz": null,
        "sar_wkg": null,
        "duration": null
    },
    "population": null,
    "sample_size": null,
    "outcomes": [
        "Synthesis of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (HAp) powder",
        "Powder morphology and particle size (XRD/SEM/HR-TEM)",
        "Crystallinity/phases and elemental composition (XRD/EDS)",
        "Thermal behavior (TG/DTA)",
        "Chemical structure confirmation (FT-IR)"
    ],
    "main_findings": "Hydroxyapatite ceramic powder was synthesized using microwave radiation (applied microwave power 600 W). Characterization indicated highly crystalline HAp nanopowder (reported particle size 5–30 nm; average crystallite size 12 nm by Scherrer), with Ca and P in the HAp phase and mixed (elliptical and rod-shaped) morphology; FT-IR supported a typical apatite structure. Thermal analysis showed a lower initial dehydroxylation temperature compared with micron-sized HAp as reported in the literature.",
    "effect_direction": "unclear",
    "limitations": [
        "Microwave frequency not reported in the abstract",
        "No biological/health outcomes assessed; this is a materials synthesis/characterization study",
        "No exposure metrics beyond applied microwave power (e.g., field strength, SAR, duration) reported"
    ],
    "evidence_strength": "insufficient",
    "confidence": 0.7800000000000000266453525910037569701671600341796875,
    "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
    "keywords": [
        "microwave radiation",
        "microwave-assisted synthesis",
        "hydroxyapatite",
        "nanocrystalline",
        "bioceramic",
        "XRD",
        "SEM",
        "HR-TEM",
        "EDS",
        "TG/DTA",
        "FT-IR"
    ],
    "suggested_hubs": []
}

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