Intercomparisons of computed epithelial/absorbed power density & temperature rise in anatomical human face models under localized exposures at 10 & 30 GHz

Abstract

Category: Bioelectromagnetics, Dosimetry Study Institution: IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 95 Subcommittee 6 Working Group 5 (multi-institutional) Tags: epithelial power density, absorbed power density, temperature rise, millimeter-wave exposure, human face model, IEEE standards, EMF safety DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ae2ce1 URL: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Overview Objective: Epithelial/absorbed power density (EPD/APD) was recently introduced in the latest revision of international exposure guidelines as a dosimetric quantity associated with body surface temperature rise. To provide insight into their relationship, the intercomparison was organized by the IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 95 Subcommittee 6 Working Group 5 and carried out by an international task force comprising eight governmental, academic, and industrial research institutions. Approach - EPD/APD was evaluated for exposure from the antenna in proximity to human face models. - Two high-resolution anatomical face models were used for comparison, extracted from anatomical whole-body models with refined resolution to ensure computational accuracy at 10 GHz and 30 GHz. - Participants were encouraged to use consistent computational conditions, such as the human model, antenna type and position, and frequency, though averaging methods of EPD/APD and computational tools were not standardized. Findings - Results suggest that with appropriate averaging, spatially averaged APD and temperature rise in realistic human face models are statistically correlated. - Power absorption focality due to antenna type had a greater influence on variability than averaging methods or anatomical model differences. - Deviation due to methodology was generally small compared to variability introduced by source/exposure configuration. Conclusion - Antenna type/configuration is the dominant factor influencing dosimetric intercomparison outcomes. - The findings support refinements in standard evaluation procedures and the development of measurement equipment for compliance assessments in millimeter-wave frequencies. - Importantly, the results provide evidence supporting international exposure guidelines and highlight the need for reduction factors to enhance population-level EMF protection, given the established correlation between surface power density and induced temperature rise.

AI evidence extraction

Main findings

In an intercomparison using two high-resolution anatomical human face models at 10 and 30 GHz, spatially averaged APD and temperature rise were reported to be statistically correlated when appropriate averaging was applied. Variability across results was influenced more by antenna type/configuration (power absorption focality) than by averaging methods or anatomical model differences, and methodological deviations were generally small compared with source/exposure configuration effects.

Outcomes measured

• epithelial power density (EPD)
• absorbed power density (APD)
• temperature rise
• dosimetric intercomparison variability
• correlation between APD and temperature rise

Limitations

• Averaging methods of EPD/APD and computational tools were not standardized across participants.
• Only two anatomical face models were used for comparison.
• Exposure scenario focused on antenna proximity to the face; generalizability to other anatomies/exposures is not stated.

Suggested hubs

• who-icnirp (0.62)
  Discusses dosimetric quantities introduced in international exposure guidelines and supports refinements for compliance assessment at millimeter-wave frequencies.
• 5g-policy (0.55)
  Millimeter-wave (10 and 30 GHz) localized exposure dosimetry relevant to higher-frequency wireless policy and compliance discussions.

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    "exposure": {
        "band": "mmWave",
        "source": "antenna in proximity to human face models",
        "frequency_mhz": null,
        "sar_wkg": null,
        "duration": null
    },
    "population": null,
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    "outcomes": [
        "epithelial power density (EPD)",
        "absorbed power density (APD)",
        "temperature rise",
        "dosimetric intercomparison variability",
        "correlation between APD and temperature rise"
    ],
    "main_findings": "In an intercomparison using two high-resolution anatomical human face models at 10 and 30 GHz, spatially averaged APD and temperature rise were reported to be statistically correlated when appropriate averaging was applied. Variability across results was influenced more by antenna type/configuration (power absorption focality) than by averaging methods or anatomical model differences, and methodological deviations were generally small compared with source/exposure configuration effects.",
    "effect_direction": "unclear",
    "limitations": [
        "Averaging methods of EPD/APD and computational tools were not standardized across participants.",
        "Only two anatomical face models were used for comparison.",
        "Exposure scenario focused on antenna proximity to the face; generalizability to other anatomies/exposures is not stated."
    ],
    "evidence_strength": "insufficient",
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    "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
    "keywords": [
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        "absorbed power density",
        "temperature rise",
        "millimeter-wave exposure",
        "human face model",
        "dosimetry",
        "IEEE standards",
        "exposure guidelines",
        "10 GHz",
        "30 GHz"
    ],
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