ELF EMF exposure enhances inflammatory response and inhibits effect of antioxidant in RAW 264.7 cells

Abstract

ELF EMF exposure enhances inflammatory response and inhibits effect of antioxidant in RAW 264.7 cells Kim SJ, Jang YW, Hyung KE, Lee DK, Hyun KH, Jeong SH, Min KH, Kang W, Jeong JH, Park SY, Hwang KW. Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field exposure enhances inflammatory response and inhibits effect of antioxidant in RAW 264.7 cells. Bioelectromagnetics. 2017 Mar 29. doi: 10.1002/bem.22049. Abstract In recent years there has been a dramatic increase in the number and variety of electronic devices that emit electromagnetic waves. Because people live and work in close proximity to these pieces of electrical equipment, there is growing concern surrounding the destruction of homeostasis by electromagnetic field exposure. In the present study, the effects of 60 Hz 0.8 mT extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) on a macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) were examined. Under defined ELF-EMF exposure conditions, the production of nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, were increased in RAW 264.7 cells and the expression of those genes was also upregulated. However, cell proliferation was not altered. Translocation of NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa B), molecules that act downstream of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, were increased to the nucleus under ELF-EMF exposure conditions. In addition, we found that ELF-EMF exposure elevated activation of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) 2, as well as positively affected the influx of calcium. Furthermore, with both the presence of a potent antioxidant (Resveratrol) and downregulation of the antioxidant-related gene Prx-1 (Peroxiredoxin-1), ELF-EMF was associated with higher inflammatory responses of macrophages. These results suggest that an ELF-EMF amplifies inflammatory responses through enhanced macrophage activation and can decrease the effectiveness of antioxidants. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

AI evidence extraction

Main findings

Under 60 Hz 0.8 mT ELF-EMF exposure, RAW 264.7 cells showed increased nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) with upregulated expression of related genes, while cell proliferation was not altered. ELF-EMF exposure increased NF-κB nuclear translocation, elevated NFAT2 activation, and positively affected calcium influx; ELF-EMF was also associated with higher inflammatory responses in the presence of resveratrol and with Prx-1 downregulation.

Outcomes measured

• Nitric oxide production
• Pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) production
• Gene expression of inflammatory markers
• Cell proliferation
• NF-κB nuclear translocation
• NFAT2 activation
• Calcium influx
• Inflammatory response in presence of resveratrol
• Inflammatory response with Prx-1 downregulation

Limitations

• Exposure duration not reported in the abstract
• Sample size and replication details not reported in the abstract
• In vitro macrophage cell line model; generalizability to humans not addressed in the abstract

Suggested hubs

• occupational-exposure (0.25)
  Study concerns extremely low-frequency fields (60 Hz) relevant to electrical equipment exposure contexts, though conducted in vitro.

{
    "study_type": "in_vitro",
    "exposure": {
        "band": "ELF",
        "source": null,
        "frequency_mhz": 6.00000000000000015200514458246772164784488268196582794189453125e-5,
        "sar_wkg": null,
        "duration": null
    },
    "population": "RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line",
    "sample_size": null,
    "outcomes": [
        "Nitric oxide production",
        "Pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) production",
        "Gene expression of inflammatory markers",
        "Cell proliferation",
        "NF-κB nuclear translocation",
        "NFAT2 activation",
        "Calcium influx",
        "Inflammatory response in presence of resveratrol",
        "Inflammatory response with Prx-1 downregulation"
    ],
    "main_findings": "Under 60 Hz 0.8 mT ELF-EMF exposure, RAW 264.7 cells showed increased nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) with upregulated expression of related genes, while cell proliferation was not altered. ELF-EMF exposure increased NF-κB nuclear translocation, elevated NFAT2 activation, and positively affected calcium influx; ELF-EMF was also associated with higher inflammatory responses in the presence of resveratrol and with Prx-1 downregulation.",
    "effect_direction": "harm",
    "limitations": [
        "Exposure duration not reported in the abstract",
        "Sample size and replication details not reported in the abstract",
        "In vitro macrophage cell line model; generalizability to humans not addressed in the abstract"
    ],
    "evidence_strength": "low",
    "confidence": 0.7800000000000000266453525910037569701671600341796875,
    "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
    "keywords": [
        "extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields",
        "ELF-EMF",
        "60 Hz",
        "0.8 mT",
        "RAW 264.7",
        "macrophage",
        "inflammation",
        "nitric oxide",
        "TNF-α",
        "IL-1β",
        "IL-6",
        "NF-κB",
        "NFAT2",
        "calcium influx",
        "resveratrol",
        "Peroxiredoxin-1",
        "Prx-1"
    ],
    "suggested_hubs": [
        {
            "slug": "occupational-exposure",
            "weight": 0.25,
            "reason": "Study concerns extremely low-frequency fields (60 Hz) relevant to electrical equipment exposure contexts, though conducted in vitro."
        }
    ]
}

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