Does Microwave Exposure at Different Doses in the Pre/Postnatal Period Affect Growing Rat Bone

Abstract

Does Microwave Exposure at Different Doses in the Pre/Postnatal Period Affect Growing Rat Bone Development? Karadayi A, Sarsmaz H, Çigel A, Engiz B, Ünal N, Ürkmez S, Gürgen S. Does Microwave Exposure at Different Doses in the Pre/Postnatal Period Affect Growing Rat Bone Development? Physiol Res. 2024 Mar 11;73(1):157-172. Abstract Effects of pre/postnatal 2.45 GHz continuous wave (CW), Wireless-Fidelity (Wi-Fi) Microwave (MW) irradiation on bone have yet to be well defined. The present study used biochemical and histological methods to investigate effects on bone formation and resorption in the serum and the tibia bone tissues of growing rats exposed to MW irradiation during the pre/postnatal period. Six groups were created: one control group and five experimental groups subjected to low-level different electromagnetic fields (EMF) of growing male rats born from pregnant rats. During the experiment, the bodies of all five groups were exposed to 2.45 GHz CW-MW for one hour/day. EMF exposure started after fertilization in the experimental group. When the growing male rats were 45 days old in the postnatal period, the control and five experimental groups' growing male and maternal rats were sacrificed, and their tibia tissues were removed. Maternal rats were not included in the study. No differences were observed between the control and five experimental groups in Receptor Activator Nuclear factor-kB (RANK) biochemical results. In contrast, there was a statistically significant increase in soluble Receptor Activator of Nuclear factor-kB Ligand (sRANKL) and Osteoprotegerin (OPG) for 10 V/m and 15 V/m EMF values. Histologically, changes in the same groups supported biochemical results. These results indicate that pre/postnatal exposure to 2.45 GHz EMF at 10 and 15 V/m potentially affects bone development. Excerpt In the present study, the effects of 2.45 GHz MW radiation on the bone of healthy rat tibia exposed to different doses of EMF during the prenatal and postnatal period were investigated using biochemical methods such as RANK, RANKL, OPG, and histopathological methods such as Tunel and immunohistochemical straining. Our findings showed that 2.45 GHz low-level MW radiation at 10 V/m (the peak SAR 10g value 14.4 mW/kg) and 15 V/m (the peak SAR 10g value 33.8 mW/kg) could cause changes in the bone. To our knowledge, our study seems to be the first investigation in literature focusing on effects on the bone of 2.45 GHz low-level MW radiation at different EMF values. Additionally, this research is the first article to determine the level of thermal and non-thermal effects on bone. Open access paper: biomed.cas.cz

AI evidence extraction

Main findings

RANK biochemical results did not differ between control and exposed groups. sRANKL and OPG were statistically significantly increased at 10 V/m and 15 V/m exposure levels, with histological changes in the same groups supporting the biochemical findings. The authors conclude that pre/postnatal 2.45 GHz EMF exposure at 10 and 15 V/m potentially affects bone development.

Outcomes measured

• Serum/tibia biochemical markers: RANK, sRANKL, OPG
• Histological outcomes in tibia (including TUNEL and immunohistochemical staining)
• Bone formation/resorption indicators (as assessed by biochemical and histological methods)

Limitations

• Sample size not reported in provided abstract/metadata
• Details of the five exposure groups (exact field strengths beyond 10 and 15 V/m) not fully specified in the provided abstract
• Maternal rats were exposed but not included in the study outcomes

Suggested hubs

• school-wi-fi (0.55)
  Exposure described as 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi microwave irradiation (Wi-Fi band), though study is in rats rather than a school setting.

{
    "study_type": "animal",
    "exposure": {
        "band": "microwave",
        "source": "Wi-Fi",
        "frequency_mhz": 2450,
        "sar_wkg": null,
        "duration": "1 hour/day; exposure started after fertilization and continued until postnatal day 45"
    },
    "population": "Growing male rats (born from pregnant rats) exposed during pre/postnatal period",
    "sample_size": null,
    "outcomes": [
        "Serum/tibia biochemical markers: RANK, sRANKL, OPG",
        "Histological outcomes in tibia (including TUNEL and immunohistochemical staining)",
        "Bone formation/resorption indicators (as assessed by biochemical and histological methods)"
    ],
    "main_findings": "RANK biochemical results did not differ between control and exposed groups. sRANKL and OPG were statistically significantly increased at 10 V/m and 15 V/m exposure levels, with histological changes in the same groups supporting the biochemical findings. The authors conclude that pre/postnatal 2.45 GHz EMF exposure at 10 and 15 V/m potentially affects bone development.",
    "effect_direction": "harm",
    "limitations": [
        "Sample size not reported in provided abstract/metadata",
        "Details of the five exposure groups (exact field strengths beyond 10 and 15 V/m) not fully specified in the provided abstract",
        "Maternal rats were exposed but not included in the study outcomes"
    ],
    "evidence_strength": "low",
    "confidence": 0.7399999999999999911182158029987476766109466552734375,
    "peer_reviewed_likely": "unknown",
    "keywords": [
        "2.45 GHz",
        "Wi-Fi",
        "microwave",
        "continuous wave",
        "prenatal exposure",
        "postnatal exposure",
        "rat",
        "tibia",
        "bone development",
        "RANK",
        "RANKL",
        "sRANKL",
        "OPG",
        "TUNEL",
        "immunohistochemistry",
        "SAR"
    ],
    "suggested_hubs": [
        {
            "slug": "school-wi-fi",
            "weight": 0.5500000000000000444089209850062616169452667236328125,
            "reason": "Exposure described as 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi microwave irradiation (Wi-Fi band), though study is in rats rather than a school setting."
        }
    ]
}

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