This animal experimental study exposed chicken embryos (CAM) continuously to 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi at an average power density of 300 μW/m2 for 9 or 14 embryonic days. H&E staining reportedly showed no significant structural differences in large vessel walls versus controls. However, special staining reported decreased optical density of elastic fibers at both time points and changes in collagen fiber optical density (increase at day 9, decrease at day 14). The authors conclude Wi-Fi exposure can alter fibrous vessel wall components and suggest potential relevance to cardiovascular disorders.

This paper presents a bibliometric analysis of Web of Science literature (2012–2025) on potential health effects related to 5G antennas. It reports a marked increase in publications in the past five years, with substantial attention to dosimetric metrics (SAR and power density) and their regulatory limits. The authors forecast continued growth in the field and emphasize the need for ongoing research and interdisciplinary collaboration focused on potential health risks and compliance.

This cross-sectional study compared 183 higher-exposed residents with 126 matched reference residents and assessed symptoms via questionnaire alongside in-home RF-EMF power density measurements from mobile phone base stations. Higher exposure (including proximity within 50 m and power densities of 5–8 mW/m2) was reported to be associated with increased symptom prevalence across mood-energy, cognitive-sensory, inflammatory, and anatomical categories. The authors conclude that current public exposure limits may be inadequate for long-term, non-thermal biological impacts and call for precautionary policy updates.

This animal study examined continual 2.4 GHz Wi‑Fi exposure (200–500 μW/m²) during 9 days of chicken embryo incubation and assessed the mesonephros at day 9. The authors report no adverse effects on general mesonephros development, but describe moderate degenerative changes and vascular congestion without inflammatory infiltrate. They also report significantly increased apoptotic and proliferating cells and up-regulation of caspase‑1 gene expression, interpreted as disruption of regulatory processes during development.

This animal study exposed rats to a 1800 MHz electromagnetic field for 12 weeks and assessed hormones, sperm quality, and behavior. The abstract reports increased corticosterone, decreased thyroid-stimulating hormone, reduced sperm motility/viability, and increased anxiety-like behavior in exposed rats. Some hormonal changes reportedly persisted for at least 2 weeks after exposure ended, and the authors frame the results as indicating adverse endocrine, reproductive, and behavioral effects.

This animal study exposed adult male rats to 2.45 GHz Wi‑Fi from an active router for 4 or 24 hours daily over eight weeks and assessed reproductive organ histology and sperm parameters. The authors report histological changes in testes and epididymis, multifocal atypical hyperplasia in seminal vesicles, reduced seminiferous tubule diameter, and reduced spermatogenesis index in exposed groups. Sperm concentration decreased in both exposed groups, motility decreased in the 4-hour group, and viability increased in the 24-hour group, leading to an overall interpretation of potential reproductive risk under the studied conditions.

This animal study exposed adult male C57BL/6 mice to a 4.9 GHz radiofrequency field for three weeks (1 hour/day) and compared them with a sham group. The abstract reports altered fecal microbiome composition with reduced diversity in the RF group, along with 258 significantly differentially abundant fecal metabolites. The authors conclude that 4.9 GHz RF exposure is associated with changes in gut microbiota and metabolic profiles and call for further EMF safety research.