This PubMed-listed review examines how 5G deployment (denser small cells and beamforming) changes RF-EMF exposure patterns and evaluates the validity of low-cost sensors for 5G exposure monitoring. Reviewing over 60 studies across Sub-6 GHz and emerging mmWave systems, it reports that well-calibrated low-cost sensors can approach professional instruments within a few dB, but highlights persistent challenges such as calibration drift, frequency coverage gaps, and data interoperability. The authors argue that standardized calibration protocols and open data frameworks could help low-cost sensors complement professional monitoring and improve transparency.

This scoping review mapped evidence on associations between geomagnetic activity/space weather and cardiovascular events, identifying 36 eligible studies from 1964–2023. Most studies reported correlations between geomagnetic/space-weather exposures and increased myocardial infarction, stroke, acute coronary syndrome, or cardiovascular mortality, but the review emphasizes inconsistency and that much of the evidence is ecological with limited confounding control. The authors call for standardized prospective research to clarify mechanisms and potential public-health utility of space-weather monitoring.

This exposure assessment used personal exposimeters to measure RF-EMF levels in the 2.4 GHz and 5.85 GHz Wi-Fi bands in airport terminals and during four international flights, including flights with and without onboard Wi-Fi service. Reported mean exposures varied by route but were described as substantially below an international reference level (10 W/m²). The authors conclude exposure is low while also recommending ongoing monitoring and precaution due to potential health concerns mentioned as emerging evidence.

This exposure assessment study compared RF-EMF measurements averaged over 1, 6, and 30 minutes using contiguous 1-minute data collected over 30 minutes at four indoor/outdoor sites across 15 frequency bands. Relative deviations between shorter averaging times and 30-minute averages were largely within ±3 dB. However, statistical comparisons of overall exposure variability between 1- or 6-minute and 30-minute averaging produced inconsistent results, with broadcast and most mobile services <2 GHz appearing broadly similar between 1- and 6-minute averaging.

This engineering/monitoring paper describes enhancements to the Serbian EMF RATEL system, which has continuously monitored RF-EMF since 2017, by adding drive test functionality to improve spatial coverage. The authors report preliminary quantitative drive test measurements and validation of the upgraded approach. The work emphasizes that characterizing spatial and temporal RF-EMF patterns can support exposure assessment relevant to public health risk evaluation.

This paper applies a model-based clustering approach (Log-Normal Mixture Model) to continuous RF-EMF monitoring data from the Serbian EMF RATEL network in Novi Sad to characterize temporal exposure patterns. The analysis reports separation of night versus day exposure values and identification of daytime periods where exposure persists longer. The work is positioned as supporting improved understanding of when and where elevated exposures occur in urban environments.

This paper describes measurements and simulations to support terahertz (THz) sensing of European honey bees for environmental monitoring. It reports dielectric characterization of bee body parts across 1–500 GHz, scattering-based validation of 3D-printed bee mockups, and THz imaging demonstrating detailed anatomical visualization. The work includes dosimetric simulations at 300 GHz to evaluate feasibility of non-invasive, continuous monitoring and notes potential relevance to assessing high-frequency EMF impacts on insect health and habitat safety.

This exposure-assessment study analyzed two years of continuous frequency-selective monitoring from 13 sensors in the five largest cities in Greece, focusing on the 3.6 GHz 5G band. It reports a gradual increase in 3.6 GHz environmental EMF levels over time and greater variability than legacy cellular bands, with 30-minute averaging reducing observed fluctuations. Despite the upward trend and variability, all measurements were reported to remain well below Greek and ICNIRP reference levels, and the authors emphasize the value of continuous monitoring as 5G deployment expands.

This paper proposes a time-averaging approach for analyzing long-term EMF exposure using time-series data from three sensors in a regulatory monitoring network. Sensors were installed at two kindergartens and one elementary school, and analyses reported daily/weekly patterns, differences between weekdays and weekends, and site-specific annual increases/decreases. The work emphasizes the value of continuous monitoring in sensitive areas, while not directly assessing health outcomes.