Immunohistochemical, Biochemical and Genetic Evaluation of the Effects of Ginseng Administration on Blood–Brain Barrier in Rats Exposed to 2100 MHz and 2450 MHz Electromagnetic Radiation
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Feb 27, 2026
This rat study examined effects of 2100 MHz and 2450 MHz EMF exposure on the bloodbrain barrier-related brain outcomes and whether ginseng modifies these effects. EMF exposure (1 h/day for 30 days) was reported to induce apoptosis in brain tissue, with decreased COX-2 gene expression and increased BAX protein.…
Transcriptomic Analysis of Gene Expression and Effect of Electromagnetic Field in Brain Tissue after Traumatic Brain Injury.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2024
This pilot animal study used a Yucatan miniswine model of traumatic brain injury with and without EMF stimulation to examine differential gene expression in injured versus non-injured cortex tissue. The authors report multiple differentially expressed genes linked to immune infiltration, myelination, oxidative stress…
Impact of Long-Term RF-EMF on Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation in Aging Brains of C57BL/6 Mice.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2018
This animal study exposed 14-month-old C57BL/6 mice to 1950 MHz RF-EMF (SAR 5 W/kg) for 8 months. The authors report that aging was associated with increased oxidative damage, DNA damage, apoptosis, and glial activation markers in brain tissue. Long-term RF-EMF exposure did not change these markers in aged mice and…
Effects of extremely low-frequency electric fields at different intensities and exposure durations on mismatch negativity
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jul 11, 2014
This rat study examined whether 50-Hz extremely low-frequency electric fields at 12 or 18 kV/m for 2 or 4 weeks affect mismatch negativity (MMN) and markers of oxidative damage/apoptosis in brain tissue. MMN amplitude was reported to be significantly reduced only in the 18 kV/m, 4-week exposure group versus the…
Microwave radiation induced oxidative stress, cognitive impairment and inflammation in brain of Fischer rats.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2012
This animal study exposed male Fischer-344 rats to 900 MHz or 1800 MHz microwave radiation for 30 days (2 h/day) and compared outcomes to sham exposure. The authors report significant cognitive impairment along with increased oxidative stress in brain tissue in exposed rats. They also report increased inflammatory…