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Male Reproductive and Cellular Damage After Prenatal 3.5 GHz Radiation Exposure: One-Year Postnatal Effects

This animal study examined whether prenatal exposure to 3.5 GHz radiofrequency radiation (2 hours/day) affects male reproductive outcomes later in life. Male rat offspring assessed at 12 months showed multiple adverse testicular and cellular findings in exposed groups versus sham controls, including impaired…

Protective effect of crocin on electromagnetic field-induced testicular damage and heat shock protein A2 expression in male BALB/c mice.

This animal study exposed male BALB/c mice to 2100 MHz EMF and assessed reproductive and hormonal outcomes, including sperm parameters, testicular histology, HspA2 immunoreactivity, and apoptosis. EMF exposure was associated with increased testicular apoptosis, increased abnormal sperm, and increased HspA2…