Exposure to the extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field induces changes in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression in the endometrium.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2024
This in vitro study exposed porcine endometrial slices from days 15–16 of pregnancy to a 50 Hz extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field for 2 hours. The authors report changes in several epigenetic-related markers, including DNA methylation machinery, histone-related measures (HDAC activity), global DNA…
Effect of soil pH on thermally enhanced desorption of m-xylene by zero-valent iron particles under an electromagnetic field.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2023
This laboratory/engineering study evaluated thermally enhanced desorption of m-xylene from soil using heat generated by zero-valent iron (ZVI) under low-frequency electromagnetic fields. The abstract reports rapid heating (to ~60°C in 20 minutes) and substantially lower residual m-xylene after 60 minutes versus soil…
The Effect of Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields on Inflammation and Performance-Related Indices in Trained Athletes: A Double-Blinded Crossover Study.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2023
This double-blinded crossover study tested an ELF-EMF mattress used immediately after high-intensity cycling and overnight in nine trained male athletes. The authors report no significant overall effects on performance and inflammation. However, between 60 minutes and 24 hours post-exercise, the active condition…
Phagocytosis of latex beads by a human monocytic Mono Mac 6 cell line and effects of low-frequency electromagnetic field interaction.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2023
This in vitro study tested whether a low-frequency EMF (7 Hz, 30 mT) alters phagocytosis-related outcomes in the human monocytic Mono Mac 6 cell line. EMF exposure was associated with increased necrosis in cells pre-stimulated with SEB and then undergoing latex bead phagocytosis, while no significant cell-death…
Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field exposure alters DNA methylation levels in the endometrium of pigs during the peri-implantation period.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2023
This in vitro study exposed porcine endometrial slices from the peri-implantation period (days 15–16 of pregnancy) to 50 Hz ELF-EMF for 2 hours and assessed promoter DNA methylation in selected genes. The authors report increased methylation for EGR2, ID2, and PTGER4, decreased methylation for IL1RAP and NOS3, and no…
Synergistic cytotoxic effects of an extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field with doxorubicin on MCF-7 cell line.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2023
This in vitro study tested whether a 50 Hz, 20 mT extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) enhances the cytotoxic effects of doxorubicin (DOX) in the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. The authors report that combining ELF-EMF with low-dose DOX reduced cell viability at lower DOX concentrations than DOX…
Measuring and assessing the effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) on blood parameters and liver enzymes of personnel working in high voltage power stations in a petrochemical industry.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2023
This cross-sectional study in a petrochemical industry compared 50 high-voltage power-station workers exposed to ELF-EMF with 50 controls. Electric and magnetic fields were measured at 200 points, and blood parameters and liver enzymes were extracted from medical records. The study reports no significant differences…
Impact of ketamine administration on chronic unpredictable stress-induced rat model of depression during extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field exposure: Behavioral, histological and molecular study.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2023
This animal study evaluated ketamine administration combined with extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) exposure in a chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) rat model. The authors report that the combined treatment increased depression-like behavior and neuronal degeneration, reduced GFAP(+) cells in…
Comparative Study of Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Field, Radiation, and Temozolomide Administration in Spheroid and Monolayer Forms of the Glioblastoma Cell Line (T98).
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2023
This in vitro study assessed 50 Hz, 100 G extremely low-frequency EMF in combination with temozolomide and radiation in T98 glioblastoma cells grown as monolayers and spheroids. Radiation plus EMF increased apoptosis-related gene expression, while temozolomide plus EMF increased autophagy marker expression compared…
The Effect of Time-Dependence of 10 Hz Electromagnetic Field on Spatial Learning and Memory in Rats.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2022
This animal study exposed 40 adult male rats to a 10 Hz (4 mT) extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field for 1 hour daily for either 7 or 30 days. The authors report improved spatial memory after prolonged (30-day) exposure, alongside increased hippocampal BDNF levels. They also note a significant body weight…
The Effect of 12 Hz Extremely Low-frequency Electromagnetic Field on Visual Memory of Male Macaque Monkeys.
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RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2022
This animal experiment assessed visual memory, cortisol, GR gene expression, and amygdala volume in four male rhesus macaques exposed to a 12 Hz, 0.7 μT ELF magnetic field. The exposed monkeys reportedly showed improved visual memory and reduced serum cortisol and GR gene expression, while controls did not show…
Protein expression changes during phagocytosis influenced by low-frequency electromagnetic field exposure.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2022
This in vitro study examined whether a low-frequency EMF (30 mT, 7 Hz for 3 h) alters phagocytosis of latex beads and immune-related protein/gene expression in the human Mono Mac 6 macrophage cell line. The authors report that EMF exposure influenced phagocytosis-associated molecular markers, with notable changes in…
Improved osteogenic differentiation by extremely low electromagnetic field exposure: possible application for bone engineering.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2022
This in vitro study examined intermittent extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) exposure (6 h/day) in human periodontal ligament mesenchymal stem cells during osteogenic differentiation. After 10 days, ELF-EMF-exposed cells showed increased proliferation and calcium deposition versus sham.…
Bidirectional Effect of Repeated Exposure to Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Field (50 Hz) of 1 and 7 mT on Oxidative/Antioxidative Status in Rat's Brain: The Prediction for the Vulnerability to Diseases.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2022
This rat study examined repeated 50 Hz ELF-EMF exposure (1 or 7 mT) and measured oxidative stress and antioxidant defense markers in the prefrontal cortex, including responses to a subsequent open-field stressor. The authors report intensity- and repetition-dependent effects: 1 mT produced weak changes and was…
Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields Increase Cytokines in Human Hair Follicles through Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2022
This in vitro/ex vivo study examined extremely low-frequency EMF exposure in human hair bulb spheroids and hair follicle organ cultures. The authors report no toxicity and increased expression of anagen-related markers and multiple cytokines/growth factors at 5–20 G, with 10 G for 60 minutes associated with increased…
Changes in Free Radical Processes under the Influence of Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Field in Rats.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2022
This in vivo animal study examined how low-frequency electromagnetic field exposure affects antioxidant status in Wistar rats. The authors report frequency-dependent changes in antioxidant enzyme activity and hydroperoxide content in blood plasma. They also propose that LF EMF may stimulate low levels of ROS that…
Physiotherapeutic Reduction of Orofacial Pain Using Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Field and Light-Emitting Diode Therapy-A Pilot Study.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2022
This randomized pilot study evaluated whether adding combined extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field (ELF EMF) and LED physiotherapy to standard analgesics reduces postoperative orofacial pain after orthognathic surgery. The physiotherapy group reportedly experienced faster pain reduction than controls. The…
Regulation of skeletal myogenesis in C2C12 cells through modulation of Pax7, MyoD, and myogenin via different low-frequency electromagnetic field energies.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2022
This in vitro study examined how low-frequency electromagnetic fields (LF-EMF) at different magnetic flux densities influence skeletal myogenesis in C2C12 cells. The authors report that 2.0 mT LF-EMF activated cells and increased PAX7, while 1.5 mT increased MyoD and myogenin expression. They conclude that different…
Conformational changes of β-thalassemia major hemoglobin and oxidative status of plasma after in vitro exposure to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields: An artificial neural network analysis.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2021
This in vitro study exposed blood samples from β-thalassemia major patients and matched healthy donors (n=12 each) to 50 Hz ELF-EMF at 0.5 and 1 mT for 1–2 hours. The authors report that two-hour exposure induced significant oxidative changes in β-thalassemia major samples and examined protein/Hb structural features…
Comparing the Effects of Long-term Exposure to Extremely Low-frequency Electromagnetic Fields With Different Values on Learning, Memory, Anxiety, and β-amyloid Deposition in Adult Rats.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2021
This animal study exposed adult male rats to 50 Hz ELF-EMF at 1, 100, 500, or 2000 μT for 1 hour/day over two months and assessed behavior and brain markers. The authors report increased memory retention (higher step-through latency) alongside increased anxiety-like behavior (reduced open-arm entries), particularly…
EVALUATION OF BCL2 AND ITS REGULATORY MIRS, MIR-15-B AND MIR-16 EXPRESSION CHANGES UNDER THE EXPOSURE OF EXTREMELY LOW-FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS ON HUMAN GASTRIC CANCER CELL LINE.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2021
This in vitro study examined whether extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) at 0.2 or 2 mT (continuous or 1.5 h on/1.5 h off) for 18 hours alter viability and gene/miRNA expression in AGS gastric cancer cells. The authors report a significant reduction in cell viability at 2 mT continuous exposure.…
Hydrogel-hydroxyapatite-monomeric collagen type-I scaffold with low-frequency electromagnetic field treatment enhances osteochondral repair in rabbits.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2021
This animal and in vitro study evaluated a composite osteochondral scaffold with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) combined with low-frequency electromagnetic field (EMF) stimulation. The authors report that EMF promoted BMSC proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation in vitro, partly via PI3K/AKT/mTOR…
Up-regulation of miR-144 and miR-375 in the human gastric cancer cell line following the exposure to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2021
This in vitro study exposed AGS human gastric cancer cells to 50 Hz ELF magnetic fields at 0.2 or 2 mT for 18 hours (continuous or intermittent). The authors report reduced cell viability versus control and up-regulation of miR-144 and miR-375 during exposure. They also report miR levels decreased 18 and 36 hours…
Synergic effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field and betaine on in vitro osteogenic differentiation of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2021
This in vitro study tested 50 Hz, 1 mT ELF-EMF exposure (8 h/day for 21 days) and betaine (10 mM) during osteogenic induction of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. The authors report ELF-EMF decreased osteogenic differentiation and reduced RUNX2 and OCN gene expression compared with non-EMF conditions.…
Low-frequency electromagnetic fields combined with tissue engineering techniques accelerate intervertebral fusion.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2021
This in vitro and rat-model study evaluated sinusoidal low-frequency EMF combined with a PCL/nHA scaffold seeded with BMSCs for intervertebral fusion. The authors report enhanced osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs and pro-osteogenic effects of conditioned medium from EMF-treated BMSCs, with suggested involvement of…