Study type: exposure_assessment

2023 · Manual

The 2023 Danish Cancer Registry report documents a clear and sustained rise in brain and central nervous system tumors, with age-standardized incidence rates increasing substantially from 2004 to 2023 for both men and women. Head and neck cancers show more modest and mixed trends.

Study URL: https://www.rfsafe.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Nye-kraefttilfaelde-i-Danmark-2023.pdf

Study type: systematic_review

2021 · Manual

Systematic review/meta-analyses of 88 sham-controlled experimental studies in non-human mammals exposed in utero (100 kHz–300 GHz) found no effect on litter size (MD 0.05; 95% CI -0.21 to 0.30; whole-body average SAR 4.92 W/kg). Increased resorbed/dead fetuses (OR 1.84; 95% CI 1.27 to 2.66; SAR 20.26 W/kg), decreased fetal weight (SMD 0.31; 95% CI 0.15 to 0.48; SAR 9.83 W/kg) and length (SMD 0.45; 95% CI 0.07 to 0.83; SAR 4.55 W/kg), and increased malformations (including OR 3.22; 95% CI 1.9 to 5.46 for litters with malformed fetuses; SAR 16.63 W/kg) were reported. Delayed effects showed no association for brain weight (SMD 0.10; 95% CI -0.09 to 0.29) and learning/memory (SMD -0.54; 95% CI -1.24 to 0.17), but detrimental associations for motor activity (SMD 0.79; 95% CI 0.21 to 1.38) and motor/sensory functions (SMD -0.66; 95% CI -1.18 to -0.14); neurobehavioral meta-analyses were based…

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37729852/

Study type: animal

1999 · Manual

Across six groups (n=90/group; total n=540), FM RF exposure (836.55 MHz) produced no observed changes in survival, number/incidence, or histological type of spontaneous or ENU-induced CNS tumors. ENU significantly increased CNS tumor incidence and reduced survival, but these effects were not attributed to FM field exposure.

Study URL: https://aacrjournals.org/cancerres/article-pdf/60/7/1857/3240743/ch070001857p.pdf

Study type: cohort

medRxiv · 2026 · Manual

Compared with low habitual UV exposure (Sun-BEEM), medium and high exposure were associated with lower all-cause mortality (HR 0.89 and 0.84, respectively) and showed similar inverse associations for cardiovascular and non-skin cancer mortality. Skin cancer mortality showed no clear dose–response with UV exposure, while incident keratinocyte cancers increased across exposure categories; counterfactual modelling suggested potential net prevention of cardiovascular and other cancer deaths relative to additional melanoma/keratinocyte cancer deaths if associations are causal.

DOI: 10.64898/2026.01.08.26343592

Study URL: https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.01.08.26343592

Study type: cohort

Health Place · 2024 · Manual

In UK Biobank participants, two UV exposure measures (solarium use and annual average residential shortwave radiation), validated with measured vitamin D levels, were inversely associated with all-cause, CVD, and cancer mortality. Solarium users also had lower risk of non-CVD/non-cancer mortality.

DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2024.103328 · PMID: 39094281

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39094281/

Study type: cohort

J Intern Med · 2016 · Manual

In this prospective cohort, women with active sun exposure habits had lower risk of CVD and noncancer/non-CVD death compared with women who avoided sun exposure. Due to increased survival, the relative contribution of cancer death increased among women with active sun exposure habits. Avoidance of sun exposure was associated with reduced life expectancy (0.6–2.1 years) compared with the highest sun exposure group, and nonsmokers who avoided sun exposure had life expectancy similar to smokers in the highest sun exposure group.

DOI: 10.1111/joim.12496 · PMID: 26992108

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26992108/

Study type: systematic_review

Environ Health Perspect. · 2006 · Manual

In a systematic review of 59 controlled-exposure experimental studies of low-level radiofrequency radiation, studies funded exclusively by the telecommunications industry were least likely to report at least one statistically significant association between exposure and a health-related outcome (OR 0.11, 95% CI 0.02–0.78) compared with studies funded by public agencies/charities. This association was reported as not materially altered after adjustment for number of outcomes, study quality, and other factors.

DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9149 · PMID: 17366811

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17366811/

Study type: exposure_assessment

Environ Res · 2018 · Manual

Children absorb two- to three-fold higher localized RF radiation doses in brain regions and eyes compared to adults when using cell phones or virtual reality devices. Current regulatory testing methods based on adult models underestimate exposure in children. Precautionary measures to reduce children's exposure are recommended.

DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.05.013

Study URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935118302561

Study type: systematic_review

Environment International · 2025 · Manual

Systematic reviews found moderate-certainty evidence of no or small effects on major human cancers except lower certainty for thyroid and oral/pharyngeal cancers. Animal studies showed moderate- to high-certainty evidence of effects on several cancer types and male fertility. Evidence for cognition and symptoms in humans was moderate to very low certainty, and oxidative stress findings were very low certainty with methodological challenges. The possibility of unknown biophysical mechanisms was noted.

DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2025.109751

Study URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412025005021

Study type: animal

Environ Res · 2018 · Manual

A statistically significant increase in heart Schwannomas incidence was observed in male rats at the highest exposure (50 V/m). Increases in heart Schwann cells hyperplasia and malignant glial tumors were observed at the highest dose but were not statistically significant. Tumors showed morphological similarity to low-grade human gliomas and harbored mutations homologous to human cancer mutations.

DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.037

Study URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29530389

Study type: randomized_trial

Scientific Reports · 2026 · Manual

In a between-subjects randomized design, Theta-Burst EMF stimulation reduced Digit Span Backward (working memory) performance and was accompanied by increased high-alpha (10–12 Hz) activity in the left inferior frontal gyrus and a whole-brain effect centered on the right superior frontal gyrus. Theta-Gamma EMF stimulation reduced Digit Span Forward performance without detectable EEG changes.

Study URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-42063-4

Study type: exposure_assessment

Bioelectromagnetics · 2026 · PubMed

Exposure to 4.0 GHz RF at specified electric field amplitudes did not produce statistically significant reductions in bovine coronavirus survival compared to controls. Results suggest lower efficacy of viral inactivation at this frequency relative to higher frequencies.

DOI: 10.1002/bem.70040 · PMID: 41589709

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41589709/

Study type: randomized_trial

Neuroimage · 2025 · Manual

A significant interaction between RF-EMF exposure and CACNA1C rs7304986 genotype was observed: only 3.6 GHz exposure in T/C carriers induced a faster spindle center frequency in central, parietal, and occipital cortex compared with sham. T/C carriers reported longer sleep latency than T/T carriers.

DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121340

Study URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S105381192500343X

Study type: randomized_trial

Toxicology letters · 2015 · PubMed

In a single-blinded randomized counterbalanced study with three exposure conditions (SAR(10G)=2 W/kg, SAR(10G)=0.2 W/kg, sham), statistically significant variations over time were observed for TTR and β-trace protein, but there were no differences between exposure conditions and no exposure-by-time interaction. The study concluded it failed to show any acute clinically or statistically significant effect of short-term 890-MHz phone-like exposure on serum S100β, TTR, or β-trace protein within a two-hour follow-up.

DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.03.016 · PMID: 25839137

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25839137/

Study type: randomized_trial

Journal of radiation research · 2008 · PubMed

Chronic exposure to mobile phone microwave radiation increased oxidative stress markers (MDA, carbonyl groups, XO activity) and decreased CAT activity in rat brain. Melatonin treatment significantly prevented the increase in MDA and XO activity after 40 days but did not prevent CAT activity decrease or carbonyl group increase.

DOI: 10.1269/jrr.07077 · PMID: 18827438

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18827438/

Study type: exposure_assessment

American Industrial Hygiene Association journal · 1999 · PubMed

Across 986 power-density measurements, 4 exceeded 5 mW/cm2 (IRPA/NCRP limit) but none exceeded 10 mW/cm2 (ACGIH/ANSI/IEEE/OSHA). The 4 higher readings were maximum power density measurements taken directly in front of the radar. Of 812 measurements at approximated seated ocular and testicular positions, none exceeded 0.04 mW/cm2 (maximum 0.034 mW/cm2), which the authors state is <1% of the most conservative current safety standards.

DOI: 10.1080/00028899908984500 · PMID: 10671181

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10671181/

Study type: animal

Radiation and environmental biophysics · 1978 · PubMed

No increase in blood-brain barrier permeability was observed in rats after exposure to 1.2-1.3 GHz microwave radiation at various power densities unless the rats were made hyperthermic by a warm-air environment. Microwave radiation alone did not alter permeability for fluorescein, 14C-mannitol, or serotonin.

DOI: 10.1007/bf01323461 · PMID: 756056

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/756056/

Study type: randomized_trial

Bioelectromagnetics · 1981 · PubMed

At 1.5 mW/kg, no differences in operant responding between control and irradiated rats were observed. At 3.6 mW/kg, no effect on cued responding but a transient increase in extinction rate of noncued responding occurred. At 6.7 mW/kg, slight reduction in cued responding and major reduction in noncued responding followed by rebound post-exposure were observed.

DOI: 10.1002/bem.2250020208 · PMID: 7295364

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7295364/

Study type: animal

Mutation research · 1983 · PubMed

Exposure to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation at 43 W/kg for 30 minutes did not significantly reduce post-implantation survival, indicating no mutagenic effect on male germ cells. However, pregnancy rates were significantly reduced during weeks 3 to 6 post-exposure, correlating with reduced sperm count and male fertility. Pre-implantation survival was also significantly reduced but less clearly correlated with heat response.

DOI: 10.1016/0165-1218(83)90134-9 · PMID: 6855790

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6855790/

Study type: animal

Radiation research · 1984 · PubMed

Exposure to 6000-MHz microwave radiation at 35 mW/cm2 during pregnancy resulted in significant differences in fetal weight, developmental milestones, behavioral test results, and organ/body weight ratios, indicating subtle long-term neurophysiologic alterations not detectable by conventional teratologic methods at term.

PMID: 6695050

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6695050/

Study type: randomized_trial

Environmental research · 2025 · PubMed

In 60 healthy adults aged 60–80 years, overall cognitive performance during four attentional tasks was not affected by short-term RF-EMF exposure (GSM 900 MHz or TETRA 385 MHz) compared with sham. Two of 16 performance outcomes showed statistically significant effects in women only (worse n-back accuracy under GSM in the easier version and under TETRA at the highest level), and one significant sex-by-exposure interaction under TETRA indicated better performance in men and worse performance in women versus sham.

DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2025.122479 · PMID: 40744201

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40744201/

Study type: cohort

Environmental research · 2025 · PubMed

Across 974 observations, higher noise exposure (per 10-dB increase in LAeq) was associated with significant increases in log-transformed PSA in unadjusted and adjusted models, and remained significant after further adjusting for ELF-EMFs. ELF-EMF exposure (per unit increase) was not significantly associated with PSA in any model, and there was no significant interaction/effect modification between ELF-EMFs and noise.

DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2025.122790 · PMID: 40921241

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40921241/

Study type: randomized_trial

Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis · 2025 · PubMed

In an online survey experiment of 815 adults in Shanghai, government and industry sources (vs civil society) increased public support for 5G base stations, and gain-framed messages generated more acceptance than loss-framed messages. Participants reported higher competence-based trust in government and industry than in civil society, while care-based trust did not significantly differ; both trust dimensions were described as critical for public acceptance.

DOI: 10.1111/risa.70144 · PMID: 41203559

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41203559/

Study type: exposure_assessment

Bioelectromagnetics · 2025 · PubMed

Across a French city, drive-test, spot, and sensor-network measurements showed good agreement in assessed RF-EMF exposure levels. Smoothed drive-test data correlated with nearby spot measurements and with base station antenna density. 5G spot measurements with and without traffic-attracting downloads indicated that beamforming impacts exposure levels in 5G NR bands; sensor-network temporal variations showed an inverse proportional relationship between E-field level and proximity to the nearest base station antenna.

DOI: 10.1002/bem.70033 · PMID: 41230687

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41230687/

Study type: exposure_assessment

Environmental monitoring and assessment · 2025 · PubMed

In a year-long frequency-selective measurement campaign in the Peloponnese Region of Greece, all measured electric field values were well below Greek safety limits; the highest ground-level measurement was about 18 times lower than the limit. The 900 MHz band was the dominant contributor, followed by 1800 MHz; 4G contributed most to exposure (53%) while 5G contributed 3%, consistent with early deployment. Long-term monitoring showed peak exposure between 15:00 and 21:00.

DOI: 10.1007/s10661-025-14876-9 · PMID: 41364135

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41364135/

Study type: randomized_trial

Journal of clinical medicine · 2024 · PubMed

In a randomized study of 148 women, the group treated with a sequence of extremely low-frequency, low-intensity electromagnetic fields showed significant differences versus placebo at 4 weeks in D-DIMER, IL-6, erythrocyte, leukocyte, and bacterial levels (p < 0.001), with reductions maintained at 12 weeks (p < 0.001). No side effects were reported in the experimental group.

DOI: 10.3390/jcm13092639 · PMID: 38731168

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38731168/

Study type: randomized_trial

Frontiers in public health · 2024 · PubMed

Across three web surveys over 10 weeks with control groups at T2 and T3, four attitude clusters were identified. Some clusters showed short-term changes after viewing the website (e.g., decreased subjective exposure in the anxious cluster; temporary changes in health concerns and needs for RF-EMF usage activities), with some effects returning to baseline by 5 weeks; the high-interest cluster was less responsive. The authors conclude that objective, comprehensible website information can reduce concerns and perceived risks related to RF-EMFs, particularly in the anxious cluster.

DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1438986 · PMID: 39296830

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39296830/

Study type: exposure_assessment

Annals of work exposures and health · 2024 · PubMed

Agreement between RF-JEM estimates and personal measurements was poor for both exposure prevalence and intensity (weighted kappa < 0.1). RF-JEM values likely overestimated current exposure levels for both electric and magnetic fields (mean percentage difference >194%) compared with recent personal measurements.

DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxae072 · PMID: 39326006

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39326006/

Study type: exposure_assessment

Environment international · 2023 · PubMed

Among 333 workers (46 ISCO88 occupations), >99% of E- and H-field measurements were below the device detection limit (defined as ≥1% of the 1998 ICNIRP standards). Ever-exposure (at least one 1-second measurement above the detection limit) occurred in 50.2% (E) and 77.2% (H) of workers; a small proportion of measurements reached ≥100% of the standards but were generally brief (a few seconds). Some occupation groups (elementary occupations, technicians/associate professionals, plant and machine operators/assemblers) showed more measurements above the detection limit and higher maxima; female workers and those reporting use of RF-EMF sources were more likely to have measured exposure.

DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108156 · PMID: 37722304

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37722304/

Study type: randomized_trial

Environmental health : a global access science source · 2022 · PubMed

In a blinded randomized crossover provocation study using EMF signals mimicking mobile phone base stations, IEI-EMF and control participants reported similar symptom frequencies during provocation and sham sessions, and no participant accurately identified the provocation. Physiological parameters (BP, HR, HRV) were similar between provocation and sham in both groups. The control group, but not the IEI-EMF group, showed elevated HR when they perceived EMF exposure.

DOI: 10.1186/s12940-022-00843-1 · PMID: 35255916

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35255916/

Study type: randomized_trial

Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery · 2021 · PubMed

Both pulsed high-intensity laser therapy (HILT) and pulsed electromagnetic field (EMF) groups showed significant pre-post improvements after 8 weeks on pain, disability, and lumbar flexion ROM measures, with greater improvements reported in the HILT group than the EMF group and a significant between-group difference favoring HILT.

DOI: 10.1089/photob.2020.4975 · PMID: 33685237

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33685237/

Study type: exposure_assessment

The Science of the total environment · 2021 · PubMed

A 3D GIS-based model using high-precision terrain elevation data and a Biot-Savart series expansion with variable conductor height (catenary) was validated against field measurements in two urban areas. The model showed good agreement with measurements (free urban area: MAPE 9.65%, R2 0.922, RMSE 0.154 μT; built-up complex relief: MAPE 19.51%, R2 0.949, RMSE 0.094 μT) and correctly classified 86% of points by usual exposure percentiles; a 5 m resolution digital terrain model was described as indispensable for good performance.

DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148818 · PMID: 34280632

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34280632/

Study type: exposure_assessment

Environmental research · 2020 · PubMed

A random sample of 492 urban Greek primary/secondary schools estimated a mean RF-EMF level of about 0.42 V/m for sources in the 27 MHz–3 GHz range (95% CI: 0.4024 to 0.4395 V/m). Reported exposure levels at tested locations were below 60% of the highest ICNIRP limit for sensitive land use.

DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109940 · PMID: 33181972

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33181972/

Study type: randomized_trial

Bioelectromagnetics · 2021 · PubMed

Within-subject analysis showed significant HR deceleration in both EMF and sham groups. HRV indices (SDNN, RMSSD, LF, HF) increased only in the EMF group and remained stable in the sham group; between-group comparisons found higher SDNN, RMSSD, LF, and HF in the EMF group than in the sham group, while LF/HF did not change significantly.

DOI: 10.1002/bem.22308 · PMID: 33211349

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33211349/

Study type: animal

Toxicologic pathology · 2019 · PubMed

Digitally ventilated cages produced extremely low-intensity electric fields ranging from 5 Hz to 3 GHz. Over up to 1 year of housing, no exposure-related clinical signs or mortality occurred; occasional statistical differences in measured endpoints were reported but considered without biological or clinical relevance, and the authors concluded there were no definite effects.

DOI: 10.1177/0192623319852353 · PMID: 31117895

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31117895/

Study type: exposure_assessment

Environmental research · 2019 · PubMed

Highest mean total exposure was observed in Brussels (2.63 mW/m). Downlink exposure was higher in Antwerp than in Brussels, which the authors suggest may relate to stronger base-station legislation in Brussels. The protocol was reported repeatable (r=0.95 for median total exposure) and representative for path selection (r=0.88), and the exposimeters underestimated incident RF-EMF intensity in 10/13 calibrated frequency bands with median underestimations up to 68%.

DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.05.027 · PMID: 31150934

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31150934/

Study type: exposure_assessment

Radiation protection dosimetry · 2019 · PubMed

Continuous personal exposure meter recordings showed large temporal variability in RF-EMF levels; the max/min instantaneous E-field ratio during a day could reach 25 dB (20 dB for 6-min averaged values). Using 24 h time-averaged and an integral-based (energy-density) measure, daily exposure variability could remain within ±20% of the week mean. Time-averaged E-field and integral-based power density exposures at all locations were reported as well below ICNIRP general public exposure limits.

DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncz154 · PMID: 31297514

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31297514/

Study type: randomized_trial

Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2018 · PubMed

During RF-EMF exposure (1 or 2 W/kg) compared with sham, P1 amplitude was reduced (p=.02) and anterior N1 latency was increased (p=.04). No effects were observed on other ERP latencies or amplitudes; authors note only 2 of 56 comparisons differed and may be due to chance.

DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2018.01.074 · PMID: 29550650

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29550650/

Study type: randomized_trial

Environmental health : a global access science source · 2018 · PubMed

In a sham WLAN EMF exposure experiment (N=137), providing precautionary information in addition to basic safety information did not increase perceived symptoms, and no hypothesized interactions with personality characteristics were observed. Exploratory analyses suggested prior risk perception predicted nocebo responses and symptom expectations mediated the association between risk perception and symptoms.

DOI: 10.1186/s12940-018-0377-y · PMID: 29650009

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29650009/

Study type: other

PloS one · 2018 · PubMed

In 80 mice of two strains housed with an EMF plate turned on versus off for six weeks, there were strong strain differences in multiple measures, but no significant effects of EMF treatment on any behavioural, cognitive, or welfare measures collected.

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197054 · PMID: 29771983

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29771983/

Study type: other

Frontiers in psychology · 2018 · PubMed

Data re-analyzed from two previous double-blind provocation studies showed that IEI-EMF participants reported significantly lower well-being when they believed a telecommunication base station was "on" versus "off". Control participants also reported more symptoms and greater symptom severity when they believed the base station was "on" versus "off", consistent with a nocebo effect rather than an EMF exposure effect.

DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01563 · PMID: 30210397

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30210397/

Study type: cohort

Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 1995 · PubMed

In this prospective study of 2,967 pregnancies, EMF exposure during pregnancy (including electrically heated bed use) showed no important relation to low birth-weight or fetal growth retardation across multiple exposure windows. Results were consistent across subjective exposure measures and direct measurements (personal monitors, home measurements), and no dose-response relationship was observed.

DOI: 10.1097/00001648-199505000-00013 · PMID: 7619934

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7619934/

Study type: case_control

American journal of industrial medicine · 1999 · PubMed

Compared with mothers in occupations with little potential for EMF exposure during pregnancy, risks of all childhood cancers were close to unity for children of sewing machinists (RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.42–1.25) and for children of other machinists/other jobs with likely higher EMF exposures (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.61–1.41). Risks for childhood leukemias and brain cancers were described as similarly unexceptional, and adjustment for social class, maternal age, and sibship position had little effect.

DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0274(199904)35:4<348::aid-ajim5>3.0.co;2-x · PMID: 10086211

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10086211/

Study type: in_vitro

Radiation research · 2000 · PubMed

Regional EMF exposure facilities conducted blinded, sham-controlled replication studies of previously reported in vitro effects of 50/60 Hz magnetic-field exposure. In nearly all experiments, no effects of magnetic-field exposure were found on the assessed endpoints.

DOI: 10.1667/0033-7587(2000)153[0648:eoiveo]2.0.co;2 · PMID: 10790288

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10790288/

Study type: randomized_trial

Radiation research · 2002 · PubMed

Systolic and diastolic blood pressure increased slowly by about 5 mmHg over the protocol, but analysis of variance indicated that changes in blood pressure and all other measured parameters were independent of EMF exposure. The authors conclude the findings do not support a nonthermal influence of mobile-phone EMF on cardiovascular autonomic nervous system parameters in healthy humans.

DOI: 10.1667/0033-7587(2002)158[0352:ioaref]2.0.co;2 · PMID: 12175313

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12175313/

Study type: randomized_trial

Bioelectromagnetics · 2003 · PubMed

In a double-blind, multicenter replication study (n=64), participants completed 9 cognitive tasks during EMF-on versus EMF-off conditions from a 902 MHz mobile phone. The study reported no statistically significant effects of EMF exposure on reaction times or accuracy, and prior findings were not replicated.

DOI: 10.1002/bem.10105 · PMID: 12696088

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12696088/

Study type: case_control

American journal of epidemiology · 2003 · PubMed

In multivariate logistic regression analyses, odds ratios for breast cancer across multiple residential EMF exposure metrics were close to 1 and not statistically significant. For the highest quartile of 24-hour EMF measurements, ORs were 0.97 (95% CI: 0.69, 1.37) in the bedroom and 1.09 (95% CI: 0.78, 1.51) in the most lived-in room; for the highest ground-current category, ORs were 1.13 (95% CI: 0.88, 1.44) and 1.08 (95% CI: 0.85, 1.38), respectively.

DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwg106 · PMID: 12835286

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12835286/

Study type: randomized_trial

Bioelectromagnetics · 2004 · PubMed

In a double-blind, multi-centre sham-controlled design, 902 MHz mobile phone EMF exposure showed no statistically significant effect on reaction times or accuracy on an n-back short term memory task. Results did not differ significantly between the two laboratories.

DOI: 10.1002/bem.20014 · PMID: 15300731

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15300731/

Study type: animal

Bioelectromagnetics · 2005 · PubMed

Across ENU-initiated rats, 2-year head exposure to a 1.439 GHz TDMA (PDC) signal at brain-average SAR 0.67 or 2.0 W/kg did not increase the incidence or number of brain and/or spinal cord tumors in males or females, and no clear changes in tumor types were observed. Body weights, food consumption, and survival did not differ between groups.

DOI: 10.1002/bem.20079 · PMID: 15605402

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15605402/

Study type: randomized_trial

Bioelectromagnetics · 2005 · PubMed

In this double-blind study comparing GSM 900 mobile phone switched on vs switched off, daily exposure during the exposure period showed no effect on cognitive function after a 13-hour rest period.

DOI: 10.1002/bem.20053 · PMID: 15672372

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15672372/