Study type: in_vitro

Biochem Biophys Res Commun · 2026 · Manual

Under standardized non-thermal conditions, 1800 MHz RF-EMF exposure alone did not induce detectable DNA damage in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. RF-EMF did not significantly enhance DNA damage caused by H2O2, 4NQO, or Cd2+, but co-exposure with hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] produced a significant synergistic increase in DNA damage.

DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2026.153360 · PMID: 41619510

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41619510/

Study type: other

J. Appl. Physiol. · 1962 · Manual

The paper reports that modulated RF electromagnetic energy induced perception of sounds in normal and deaf humans at distances of several hundred feet from the antenna when the transmitter was turned on. The effect depended on carrier frequency, modulation, and peak power density; under approximately 80 dB acoustic noise, a peak power density of about 275 mW/cm2 was needed at carrier frequencies of 425 and 1,310 MHz, while average power density could be as low as 400 pW/cm2.

Study URL: https://mriquestions.com/uploads/3/4/5/7/34572113/auditory_frey_rf_hearing_jappl.1962.17.4.689.pdf

Study type: animal

Mol Med Rep · 2020 · Manual

In rats, BBB permeability increased immediately after ultra-wide-band electromagnetic pulse exposure, peaked at 3-6 h, and returned to baseline by 24 h. BBB opening was observed at 200 and 400 kV/m but not at 50 kV/m, and ZO-1 expression decreased at 3 and 6 h without an observed change in ZO-1 distribution.

DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11382 · PMID: 32945403

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32945403/

Study type: review

Biofizika · 1998 · Manual

This paper generalises experimental and theoretical studies on the combined action of weak electrical fields and constant and variable low-frequency magnetic fields on physicochemical and biological systems. It reports that weak magnetic fields with parameters close to the geomagnetic field selectively affect aqueous solutions of organic molecules by initiating chemical reactivity and ion conductivity processes.

PMID: 9783064

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9783064/

Study type: review

Child Dev · 2018 · Manual

This review profiles epigenetic studies related to exposure to mobile phones and other wireless devices producing EMF and pulsed radiofrequency radiation. The abstract states that numerous studies have reported harmful health impacts and neurodevelopmental/neurobehavioral symptoms in young people, with epigenetic mechanisms and DNA damage described as likely contributors.

DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12824 · PMID: 28504324

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28504324/

Study type: animal

Int J Dev Neurosci · 2014 · Manual

Perinatal ELF-EMF-exposed male BALB/C mice showed impaired sociability and reduced preference for social novelty, along with decreased exploratory activity. Anxiety-like behavior, locomotion, motor coordination, and olfaction were reported as normal in exposed mice.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2014.06.010 · PMID: 24970316

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24970316/

Study type: review

Pathophysiology · 2013 · Manual

This paper provides an overview of epidemiological evidence and reports a meta-analysis of Hardell group and Interphone results for mobile phone use. In the meta-analysis, higher odds were reported for glioma in the temporal lobe with latency ≥10 years (OR=1.71, 95% CI=1.04-2.81) and for ipsilateral cumulative mobile phone use ≥1640 h (OR=2.29, 95% CI=1.56-3.37); acoustic neuroma risk was also elevated for ipsilateral cumulative use ≥1640 h (OR=2.55, 95% CI=1.50-4.40). The abstract also states that cordless phone use increased risk for glioma and acoustic neuroma in Hardell group studies.

DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2012.11.001 · PMID: 23261330

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23261330/

Study type: case_control

Int J Oncol · 2009 · Manual

In two Swedish case-control studies, ipsilateral use of mobile and cordless phones was associated with higher odds of astrocytoma, especially with >10 years latency (mobile phone OR 3.3, 95% CI 2.0-5.4; cordless phone OR 5.0, 95% CI 2.3-11). For acoustic neuroma, the highest odds were reported for ipsilateral mobile phone use with >10 years latency (OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.4-6.2), while the cordless phone estimate was imprecise (OR 2.3, 95% CI 0.6-8.8). Highest risks were also reported among subjects with first use before age 20 years.

DOI: 10.3892/ijo_00000307 · PMID: 19513546

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19513546/

Study type: policy

Int J Oncol · 2011 · Manual

This pooled analysis of case-control studies reported increased odds of glioma associated with both mobile and cordless phone use. Risk increased with longer latency and greater cumulative hours of use, with the highest reported risk for astrocytoma in the >10 year latency group and among those with first wireless phone use before age 20.

DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2011.947 · PMID: 21331446

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21331446/

Study type: policy

Pathophysiology · 2015 · Manual

In this pooled analysis of two Swedish case-control studies, mobile phone use was associated with increased glioma risk overall (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1-1.6), rising to OR 3.0 (95% CI 1.7-5.2) in the >25-year latency group. Cordless phone use was also associated with increased glioma risk (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.1-1.7), with higher odds for longer latency and ipsilateral use; the highest risk was reported for temporal lobe glioma.

DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2014.10.001 · PMID: 25466607

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25466607/

Study type: case_control

ISEE Conference Abstracts · 2024 · Manual

Individuals carrying a phone below the waist were four times more likely to develop early-onset colorectal cancer. Ipsilateral carrying on the left side for more than 30,000 hours was associated with a 12-fold increased risk of tumor on that side. Contralateral carrying showed only a slight increase in risk.

DOI: 10.1289/isee.2024.1903

Study URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/383147719_Is_Cellphone_Carrying_Below_the_Waist_Exposure_to_Non-Ionizing_Radiation_Contributing_to_the_Rapid_Rise_in_Early-Onset_Colorectal_Cancer

Study type: cross_sectional

Iraqi Journal of Market Research and Consumer Protection · 2025 · Manual

Serum 8-OHdG was higher in participants living near communication towers (3.9) compared with the control group living far from towers (0.46).

DOI: 10.28936/jmracpc17.1.2025.(13

Study URL: https://doi.org/10.28936/jmracpc17.1.2025.(13)

Study type: cross_sectional

J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol · 2010 · Manual

No significant differences between long-term exposed and never-exposed groups were reported for basal heart rate, systolic blood pressure, SpO2(%), or various hematologic parameters. During an acute 1-minute 900 MHz call, peak heart rate increased significantly in the long-term exposed group compared with the never-exposed group, and peak SpO2(%) decreased significantly in the never-exposed group compared with the long-term exposed group. Serum total cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides were significantly higher in the long-term exposed group, described as a mild alteration of lipid profile.

DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp.2010.21.2.201 · PMID: 20853601

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20853601/

Study type: cross_sectional

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int · 2016 · Manual

In this cross-sectional study of power plant workers, occupational EMF exposure (including RF and ELF) was associated with higher LDL-c (β = 0.17 mmol/L, P = 0.022). In the high-exposure group, longer employment duration, longer daily exposure duration, and higher mobile phone or electric fee per month were associated with higher total cholesterol, LDL-c, or triglycerides; decreased HDL-c was reported only in the high-exposure group with higher mobile phone fee per month. Similar patterns were reported in 544 participants with serum lipid data available in 2010.

DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5500-9 · PMID: 26423285

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26423285/

Study type: randomized_trial

1973 · Manual

No definite effects were linked to ELF magnetic field exposure except an increase in serum triglycerides 24 to 40 hours after exposure in 9 of 10 exposed subjects, not seen in controls. Cholesterol and chylomicrons remained stable. Small sample size and confounding factors limit conclusions.

Study URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/AD0770140.pdf

Study type: in_vitro

Frontiers in physiology · 2023 · PubMed

Mitochondria stressed with the electron transport chain inhibitor antimycin in one cuvette altered respiration of mitochondria in an adjacent, chemically and physically separate cuvette, decreasing oxygen consumption compared to control (p < 0.0001 for both MCF7 and MCF10A mitochondria). The effect depended on mitochondrial origin (cancer vs non-cancer) and the presence of ambient light, and the design suggests a light-based mechanism.

DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1268075 · PMID: 37811497

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37811497/

Study type: animal

Journal of lasers in medical sciences · 2023 · PubMed

Twenty male mice were assigned to control and busulfan groups and assessed 5 weeks after busulfan injection. The abstract reports significant differences between groups in ultra-weak biophoton emission, with statements that it was higher in the busulfan group and also that it was reduced in oligospermia mice; the direction is therefore inconsistent within the abstract. The busulfan (oligospermia) group showed decreased testis volume, seminiferous tubule length, and number of testicular cells, and increased apoptotic cells by TUNEL assay.

DOI: 10.34172/jlms.2023.65 · PMID: 38318218

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38318218/

Study type: in_vitro

Scientific reports · 2025 · PubMed

In Neuro-2a cells and astrocytes, baseline biophoton emissions were low (~12 photons/s) and similar between cell types. Stress altered emissions depending on the toxin (sodium troclosene increased emissions; rotenone had a more limited impact). Red/near-infrared light did not influence emissions in healthy cells but did influence emissions under stress, particularly with sodium troclosene; emission patterns did not relate uniformly to ATP and ROS changes under the experimental timelines.

DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-22344-0 · PMID: 41188307

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41188307/

Study type: animal

Brain stimulation · 2026 · PubMed

A custom 945 MHz TRFS system produced localized brain heating in mice. In pristine mode, RF-induced temperature rises caused dose-dependent suppression of cortical PV interneuron activity and an ipsilateral rotational bias. In RF-genetics mode (TRPV1 overexpression), RF stimulation produced temperature-dependent excitation once local temperature change exceeded approximately 1.5°C and reversed rotational bias to contralateral.

DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2026.103032 · PMID: 41548801

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41548801/

Study type: other

Acta psychologica · 2026 · PubMed

EEG-based indices indicated that video calls produced significantly higher cognitive load than audio calls (example TAR means reported for 3-minute sessions; p<0.05) and higher mental fatigue (example values reported for 4-minute sessions). Effects were stronger with longer call duration, and ML classification distinguished call conditions with ROC AUC > 0.90.

DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.106160 · PMID: 41601117

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41601117/

Study type: in_vitro

Radiat Res · 2008 · Manual

Real-time measurements showed increased cytosolic Ca(2+) and increased Ca(2+) spiking in response to nonthermal RF exposure from 700–1100 MHz. Example given: 800 MHz at 0.5 W/kg increased spikes to 15.7±0.8 vs ~5 spikes/cell/60 min in controls (P<0.05). The increase depended on frequency but not on SAR between 0.5–5 W/kg; pharmacological agents implicated N-type Ca(2+) channels and phospholipase C, and microfilament disruption prevented Ca(2+) spikes.

DOI: 10.1667/rr1118.1 · PMID: 18302487

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18302487/

Study type: cross_sectional

Bioelectromagnetics · 2026 · Manual

In a 2023 cross-sectional survey of 292 German GPs and paediatricians, 31% reported believing in health issues as a consequence of EMF exposure. Higher conspiracy belief was associated with higher EMF risk perception (OR 2.92; 95% CI 1.81–4.13), while higher trust in WHO (OR 0.57; 95% CI 0.35–0.82) and the Federal Office for Radiation Protection (OR 0.50; 95% CI 0.28–0.76) was associated with lower EMF risk perception.

DOI: 10.1002/bem.70047 · PMID: 41744411

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41744411/

Study type: review

Environ Res · 2019 · Manual

This review reports that several meta-analyses since about 2000 found significant associations between 50-60 Hz magnetic field exposure and childhood leukemia. It states that government or independent studies more often reported significant or elevated risks, whereas industry-supported studies generally did not, and concludes that there is strong evidence for increased risks of adult leukemia, breast cancer, and brain cancer with excessive magnetic field exposure.

DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108688

Study URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31476684

Study type: other

Gen Physiol Biophys · 2024 · Manual

Human peripheral blood lymphocytes exposed to mobile telephony electromagnetic fields showed chromosomal damage. Pre-exposure to a single 15-minute mobile telephony EMF exposure before gamma radiation (0.1, 0.3, or 0.5 Gy) increased chromosomal aberrations significantly more than the sum of aberrations from the individual stressors.

DOI: 10.4149/gpb_2023036

Study URL: http://www.elis.sk/download_file.php?product_id=8263&amp;session_id=ef2ijbhbn0hevd1s33q2nvkrp6

Study type: animal

Neurotoxicology · 2025 · Manual

In vivo pre- and post-natal exposure at 0.08 and 0.4 W/kg SAR was associated with decreased BDNF levels, fewer BrdU+ proliferative cells, and a decreased excitatory/inhibitory synapse balance in rat pups. In vitro exposure at 0.08 W/kg SAR was associated with increased Ki-67+ proliferative cells, increased apoptosis, increased double-strand DNA breaks, and shifts in NSC-derived cell-type ratios (lower B1 cells; higher oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and astrocytes).

DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2025.103312

Study URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0161813X2500110X?via%3Dihub

Study type: cohort

Int J Reprod Biomed · 2016 · Manual

Women exposed to higher measured EMF levels had a statistically significant increased likelihood of miscarriage by likelihood ratio test, but this association was not confirmed by the Wald test; overall miscarriage rate was 12.3%.

PMID: 27326421

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27326421/

Study type: animal

Appl. Sci. · 2026 · Manual

Rats exposed to 2100 MHz or 2450 MHz EMF (1 h/day for 30 days) showed immunohistochemical evidence of apoptosis in brain tissue, with decreased COX-2 gene expression and increased BAX protein in EMF groups. Ginseng administration (150 mg/kg/day for 30 days) in exposed groups was concluded to reduce harmful effects by increasing COX-2 gene expression and decreasing BAX protein during the apoptosis process.

DOI: 10.3390/app16052376

Study URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/app16052376

Study type: review

Prog Biophys Mol Biol · 2011 · Manual

The paper reports numerical dosimetry results indicating that current phone compliance methods are valid for children, while some tissues (e.g., peripheral brain tissues) may have higher exposure in children than adults. For plane-wave exposures, whole-body SAR in children can be higher than in adults, and compliance with ICNIRP reference levels may not guarantee compliance with ICNIRP basic restrictions. Preliminary foetus-model results suggest foetus exposure is often lower than the mother’s, with foetus position in the uterus influencing exposure.

DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2011.10.002 · PMID: 22005525

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22005525/

Study type: in_vitro

Int J Radiat Biol · 2026 · Manual

Bacterial cultures exposed to 2.45 GHz RFR showed significantly increased ROS generation (~2-fold increases in total intracellular ROS, hydroxyl radicals, and superoxide radicals) versus sham/control. SEM/TEM indicated disrupted membranes and cytoplasmic disorganization, accompanied by increased protein/carbohydrate leakage and elevated oxidative damage markers (MDA >1.5-fold; protein carbonyl >2-fold), with effects reported across all three species and more pronounced damage in E. cloacae.

DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2026.2636305 · PMID: 41747184

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41747184/

Study type: animal

Ann N Y Acad Sci · 2025 · Manual

Compared with sham controls, prenatal 3.5 GHz RFR exposure was associated with reduced seminiferous tubule diameter and epithelial height and lower Johnsen scores in the full-gestation exposure group, and increased abnormal sperm morphology. Both exposure groups showed higher γ-H2AX immunostaining, increased TUNEL-positive cells, and higher apoptosis index; Beclin-1 expression was higher in the full-gestation exposure group.

DOI: 10.1111/nyas.70116

Study URL: https://nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nyas.70116

Study type: in_vitro

Bioelectrochemistry · 2008 · Manual

Chromaffin cells exposed to nanosecond electric pulses (2–8 MV/m) showed a rapid, short-lived increase in intracellular calcium after a single 4 ns, 8 MV/m pulse, with response magnitude dependent on field intensity. The calcium rise was unaffected by depletion of intracellular stores (caffeine or thapsigargin) but was prevented by extracellular EGTA, Co2+, or the L-type calcium channel blocker nitrendipine, consistent with calcium entry via L-type channels.

DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2008.02.003 · PMID: 18407807

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18407807/

Study type: other

2012 · Manual

Amplitude-modulated electromagnetic fields (AM-EMF) exposure reduced growth rate of tumor cells from tissue-specific origins without affecting normal cells, with effects dependent on field strength and exposure time. Clinical reports indicated disease stabilization and partial responses in cancer patients treated with specific AM-EMF frequencies. The study suggests a biological mechanism involving gene expression changes and mitotic spindle dysfunction.

Study URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/bjc2011576

Study type: other

4Open · 2021 · Manual

In pooled patients treated with the TheraBionic P1 device, median OS was 10.36 months (Child-Pugh A, n=32), 4.44 months (Child-Pugh B, n=25), and 1.99 months (Child-Pugh C, n=2). Median OS for Child-Pugh A patients was 2.62 months longer than comparable historical controls (p=0.036); Child-Pugh B first-line therapy OS was slightly higher than historical controls receiving sorafenib. Reported adverse events were limited to grade 1 mucositis and fatigue, and no patients discontinued due to adverse events.

DOI: 10.1051/fopen/2021003 · PMID: 41550248

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41550248/

Study type: animal

Nephron Extra · 2011 · Manual

In cystic rats, near-infrared/red LED treatment (640–690 nm) reduced body weight and total kidney weight compared with sham-treated cystic rats, and BUN increased further (reported as almost 2-fold) with NIR treatment in both non-cystic and cystic rats. Hydrocephalus severity was reported as more severe in NIR-treated cystic rats, and the authors conclude that phototherapy initiated after symptom onset was detrimental to MKS-induced pathology.

DOI: 10.1159/000332046 · PMID: 22470396

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22470396/

Study type: review

Exp Oncol · 2010 · Manual

The article summarizes epidemiological data reporting increased risk of certain tumors in long-term (over 10 years) mobile phone users, particularly with ipsilateral use (reported case-control odds ratios 1.3 to 6.1). It also notes two epidemiological studies reporting increased cancer incidence among people living close to mobile telephony base stations compared with more distant populations, and cites experimental findings of non-thermal biological effects (e.g., ROS, heat shock proteins, DNA damage, apoptosis).

PMID: 20693976

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20693976/

Study type: review

Exp Oncol · 2011 · Manual

The review describes epidemiological and experimental reports suggesting that long-term exposure to low-intensity microwave radiation can induce or promote cancer in humans and animal models, with effects typically appearing after long durations (up to 10+ years) and increased carcinogenesis reported in rodents after 17–24 months of exposure. It also cites reported metabolic stress-related changes (e.g., ROS, 8-hydroxi-2-deoxyguanosine, ornithine decarboxylase activation) and argues that current thermal-based safety guidelines (including ICNIRP) require reevaluation and that precautionary regulation is warranted.

PMID: 21716201

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21716201/

Study type: review

Ukr Biokhim Zh (1999) · 2011 · Manual

This review summarizes recent research suggesting potential risks from long-term low-level microwave exposure from mobile communication systems and describes reported cellular/metabolic stress responses. Reproducible effects described include heat shock protein overexpression, increased ROS and intracellular Ca2+, DNA damage with inhibited repair, and apoptosis, with ERK and p38MAPK implicated; the authors argue effects are not exclusively thermal and suggest standards based only on thermal effects may need re-evaluation.

PMID: 21851043

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21851043/

Study type: animal

Int J Radiat Biol · 2014 · Manual

In liver, cardiac, and aorta tissues from male rats exposed to non-thermal UHF EMR (pulsed and continuous), qualitative and quantitative disturbances in the mitochondrial ETC were reported, including iron-nitrosyl complex formation, decreased activity of FeS-protein N2, increased flavo-ubisemiquinone, and increased superoxide production rates. Effects in liver and aorta were reported as more pronounced with pulsed-mode exposure.

DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2014.899448 · PMID: 24597749

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24597749/

Study type: animal

Int J Radiat Biol · 2013 · Manual

GSM 900 MHz cellular phone radiation significantly altered embryonic development and DNA damage in a duration-dependent manner. After 38 h exposure, embryos had increased somite number (p<0.001) and decreased DNA strand breaks (p<0.001) versus control; after 158 h exposure, embryos had decreased somite number (p<0.05) and increased DNA damage (p<0.001) versus control.

DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2013.791408 · PMID: 23578013

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23578013/

Study type: animal

Exp Oncol · 2013 · Manual

RF-EMR exposure was associated with significant persistent overproduction of superoxide and nitrogen oxide across all analysis timepoints. Exposed embryos also showed significantly increased TBARS and 8-oxo-dG and significantly decreased superoxide dismutase and catalase activities compared with unexposed embryos.

PMID: 24084462

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24084462/

Study type: animal

Exp Oncol · 2018 · Manual

Quail embryos exposed in ovo to low-intensity GSM 1800 MHz radiation (0.32 µW/cm2; 48 s on/12 s off) showed statistically significant increases in oxidative markers (2-fold higher superoxide generation; 85% higher nitrogen oxide generation), DNA integrity damage, and increased oxidative DNA damage (up to ~2x higher 8-oxo-dG in cells of 1-day-old chicks). Exposure was also associated with an almost twofold increase in embryo mortality.

PMID: 30593748

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30593748/

Study type: review

J Cell Mol Med · 2013 · Manual

This review summarizes literature suggesting that non-thermal EMF effects (ELF and microwave range) can be reduced or blocked by L-type or other VGCC blockers, supporting VGCCs as direct targets. It proposes downstream signaling via Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent nitric oxide pathways that may underlie both therapeutic effects (e.g., bone growth stimulation) and adverse effects (e.g., DNA single-strand breaks via oxidative stress/peroxynitrite).

DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12088 · PMID: 23802593

Study URL: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3780531/

Study type: review

Biomed Res Int · 2015 · Manual

The authors argue that real-life emissions from commercially available mobile phones are variable and differ substantially from simulated, fixed-parameter emissions used in many experiments. They state that experimental studies using simulated emissions show strong inconsistency (with less than 50% reporting effects), whereas studies using real mobile phone exposures show nearly 100% consistency in reporting adverse effects, and they conclude experiments should use commercially available handsets to better reflect real-world exposure.

DOI: 10.1155/2015/607053 · PMID: 26346766

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26346766/

Study type: review

Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res · 2019 · Manual

This review summarizes results from the author’s group (2006–2016) comparing DNA fragmentation in Drosophila melanogaster oogenesis under identical procedures after exposure to six different EMFs. It reports that real-life mobile telephony (mobile phone) EMFs were significantly more bioactive/damaging than a 50 Hz alternating magnetic field or a pulsed electric field, even with shorter exposure durations, and were described as more damaging than certain previously tested cytotoxic stressors (e.g., certain chemicals, starvation, dehydration).

DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2019.03.003

Study URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1383574218300991

Study type: cross_sectional

International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · 2026 · Manual

Across two representative datasets, cluster analysis distinguished people with versus without SAEFs, but did not find evidence for empirically distinct SAEF subtype clusters. The SAEF cluster showed higher chemical, noise, and electromagnetic field sensitivity and worse sleep, along with higher markers of psychopathology (e.g., anxiety, depression), and included more women.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2026.114764

Study URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2026.114764

Study type: cross_sectional

Int J Hyg Environ Health · 2014 · Manual

Using questionnaire-based cross-sectional data, overlaps between the four environmental intolerances were greater than predicted by coincidence for both self-reported and diagnosed cases, except for the overlap between diagnosed intolerance to sounds and EMFs.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.08.005 · PMID: 24029726

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24029726/

Study type: review

Reprod Toxicol · 2025 · Manual

This review summarizes mechanistic pathways by which chronic low-intensity RF-EMR exposure may impair male reproductive health, emphasizing oxidative stress/redox imbalance, mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage, apoptosis, autophagy dysregulation, and hormonal disruption via HPG axis interference. It states that experimental and clinical studies consistently link RF-EMR exposure to reduced sperm count and motility, altered testicular architecture, blood-testis barrier compromise, and suppressed testosterone synthesis, including at SARs below current safety thresholds, and notes emerging evidence for epigenetic/transgenerational effects and knowledge gaps for 5G/mmWave.

DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2025.109087

Study URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0890623825002588

Study type: animal

Sci Total Environ · 2025 · Manual

Adult zebrafish exposed to Wi‑Fi RF‑EMR (4 h/day for 30 days) showed significant gonadal histopathology, including testicular abnormalities (seminiferous tubule disintegration, reduced spermatids, abnormal lumina) and ovarian follicular degeneration/stromal disruption. Progeny of exposed adults (raised EMF-free) had increased mortality and gross malformations, with malformation rates increasing with longer parental exposure, and larvae showed anxiety-like behavior at 10 dpf.

DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180982 · PMID: 41264945

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41264945/

Study type: animal

Int J Radiat Biol · 2023 · Manual

Chronic RF-EMF exposure during the juvenile period significantly affected fertility and size of exposed D. magna and their first-generation offspring. Decreased fertility was suggested to be associated with cytotoxic effects in irradiated animals, and reduced terminal spine/body size indicated negative impacts on protective strategy. Reproductive parameters were reported to be restored by the second generation.

DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2022.2087928 · PMID: 35675553

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35675553/

Study type: animal

Bioelectromagnetics · 2014 · Manual

Across three generations of rats exposed whole-body to 2.14 GHz W-CDMA signals for 20 h/day at designed average SAR levels high (<0.24 W/kg), low (<0.08 W/kg), or sham, no abnormalities were observed in mothers or offspring in measured biological parameters, including neurobehavioral function. The authors concluded no adverse effects on F1–F3 offspring under these experimental conditions.

DOI: 10.1002/bem.21871 · PMID: 25196377

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25196377/