Study type: in_vitro

Biochem Biophys Res Commun · 2026 · Manual

Under standardized non-thermal conditions, 1800 MHz RF-EMF exposure alone did not induce detectable DNA damage in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. RF-EMF did not significantly enhance DNA damage caused by H2O2, 4NQO, or Cd2+, but co-exposure with hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] produced a significant synergistic increase in DNA damage.

DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2026.153360 · PMID: 41619510

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41619510/

Study type: other

Aerospace Medicine · 1961 · Manual

The paper reports experimental and interview-based data suggesting that human subjects can perceive RF energy as an auditory response. Responses were reported for frequencies at least as low as 200 MHz and at least as high as 3000 MHz, with subjects describing a buzzing sound at power densities stated to be below levels considered necessary for biological damage.

Study URL: https://zoryglaser.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/AUDITORY-SYSTEM-RESPONSE-TO-RADIO-FREQUENCY-ENERGY.pdf

Study type: other

J. Appl. Physiol. · 1962 · Manual

The paper reports that modulated RF electromagnetic energy induced perception of sounds in normal and deaf humans at distances of several hundred feet from the antenna when the transmitter was turned on. The effect depended on carrier frequency, modulation, and peak power density; under approximately 80 dB acoustic noise, a peak power density of about 275 mW/cm2 was needed at carrier frequencies of 425 and 1,310 MHz, while average power density could be as low as 400 pW/cm2.

Study URL: https://mriquestions.com/uploads/3/4/5/7/34572113/auditory_frey_rf_hearing_jappl.1962.17.4.689.pdf

Study type: review

Biofizika · 1998 · Manual

This paper generalises experimental and theoretical studies on the combined action of weak electrical fields and constant and variable low-frequency magnetic fields on physicochemical and biological systems. It reports that weak magnetic fields with parameters close to the geomagnetic field selectively affect aqueous solutions of organic molecules by initiating chemical reactivity and ion conductivity processes.

PMID: 9783064

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9783064/

Study type: animal

Int J Dev Neurosci · 2014 · Manual

Perinatal ELF-EMF-exposed male BALB/C mice showed impaired sociability and reduced preference for social novelty, along with decreased exploratory activity. Anxiety-like behavior, locomotion, motor coordination, and olfaction were reported as normal in exposed mice.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2014.06.010 · PMID: 24970316

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24970316/

Study type: cross_sectional

J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol · 2010 · Manual

No significant differences between long-term exposed and never-exposed groups were reported for basal heart rate, systolic blood pressure, SpO2(%), or various hematologic parameters. During an acute 1-minute 900 MHz call, peak heart rate increased significantly in the long-term exposed group compared with the never-exposed group, and peak SpO2(%) decreased significantly in the never-exposed group compared with the long-term exposed group. Serum total cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides were significantly higher in the long-term exposed group, described as a mild alteration of lipid profile.

DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp.2010.21.2.201 · PMID: 20853601

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20853601/

Study type: in_vitro

Frontiers in physiology · 2023 · PubMed

Mitochondria stressed with the electron transport chain inhibitor antimycin in one cuvette altered respiration of mitochondria in an adjacent, chemically and physically separate cuvette, decreasing oxygen consumption compared to control (p < 0.0001 for both MCF7 and MCF10A mitochondria). The effect depended on mitochondrial origin (cancer vs non-cancer) and the presence of ambient light, and the design suggests a light-based mechanism.

DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1268075 · PMID: 37811497

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37811497/

Study type: in_vitro

Scientific reports · 2025 · PubMed

In Neuro-2a cells and astrocytes, baseline biophoton emissions were low (~12 photons/s) and similar between cell types. Stress altered emissions depending on the toxin (sodium troclosene increased emissions; rotenone had a more limited impact). Red/near-infrared light did not influence emissions in healthy cells but did influence emissions under stress, particularly with sodium troclosene; emission patterns did not relate uniformly to ATP and ROS changes under the experimental timelines.

DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-22344-0 · PMID: 41188307

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41188307/

Study type: systematic_review

2021 · Manual

Systematic review/meta-analyses of 88 sham-controlled experimental studies in non-human mammals exposed in utero (100 kHz–300 GHz) found no effect on litter size (MD 0.05; 95% CI -0.21 to 0.30; whole-body average SAR 4.92 W/kg). Increased resorbed/dead fetuses (OR 1.84; 95% CI 1.27 to 2.66; SAR 20.26 W/kg), decreased fetal weight (SMD 0.31; 95% CI 0.15 to 0.48; SAR 9.83 W/kg) and length (SMD 0.45; 95% CI 0.07 to 0.83; SAR 4.55 W/kg), and increased malformations (including OR 3.22; 95% CI 1.9 to 5.46 for litters with malformed fetuses; SAR 16.63 W/kg) were reported. Delayed effects showed no association for brain weight (SMD 0.10; 95% CI -0.09 to 0.29) and learning/memory (SMD -0.54; 95% CI -1.24 to 0.17), but detrimental associations for motor activity (SMD 0.79; 95% CI 0.21 to 1.38) and motor/sensory functions (SMD -0.66; 95% CI -1.18 to -0.14); neurobehavioral meta-analyses were based…

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37729852/

Study type: animal

Brain stimulation · 2026 · PubMed

A custom 945 MHz TRFS system produced localized brain heating in mice. In pristine mode, RF-induced temperature rises caused dose-dependent suppression of cortical PV interneuron activity and an ipsilateral rotational bias. In RF-genetics mode (TRPV1 overexpression), RF stimulation produced temperature-dependent excitation once local temperature change exceeded approximately 1.5°C and reversed rotational bias to contralateral.

DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2026.103032 · PMID: 41548801

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41548801/

Study type: cohort

medRxiv · 2026 · Manual

Compared with low habitual UV exposure (Sun-BEEM), medium and high exposure were associated with lower all-cause mortality (HR 0.89 and 0.84, respectively) and showed similar inverse associations for cardiovascular and non-skin cancer mortality. Skin cancer mortality showed no clear dose–response with UV exposure, while incident keratinocyte cancers increased across exposure categories; counterfactual modelling suggested potential net prevention of cardiovascular and other cancer deaths relative to additional melanoma/keratinocyte cancer deaths if associations are causal.

DOI: 10.64898/2026.01.08.26343592

Study URL: https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.01.08.26343592

Study type: cohort

J Intern Med · 2016 · Manual

In this prospective cohort, women with active sun exposure habits had lower risk of CVD and noncancer/non-CVD death compared with women who avoided sun exposure. Due to increased survival, the relative contribution of cancer death increased among women with active sun exposure habits. Avoidance of sun exposure was associated with reduced life expectancy (0.6–2.1 years) compared with the highest sun exposure group, and nonsmokers who avoided sun exposure had life expectancy similar to smokers in the highest sun exposure group.

DOI: 10.1111/joim.12496 · PMID: 26992108

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26992108/

Study type: systematic_review

Environ Health Perspect. · 2006 · Manual

In a systematic review of 59 controlled-exposure experimental studies of low-level radiofrequency radiation, studies funded exclusively by the telecommunications industry were least likely to report at least one statistically significant association between exposure and a health-related outcome (OR 0.11, 95% CI 0.02–0.78) compared with studies funded by public agencies/charities. This association was reported as not materially altered after adjustment for number of outcomes, study quality, and other factors.

DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9149 · PMID: 17366811

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17366811/

Study type: systematic_review

Environment International · 2025 · Manual

Systematic reviews found moderate-certainty evidence of no or small effects on major human cancers except lower certainty for thyroid and oral/pharyngeal cancers. Animal studies showed moderate- to high-certainty evidence of effects on several cancer types and male fertility. Evidence for cognition and symptoms in humans was moderate to very low certainty, and oxidative stress findings were very low certainty with methodological challenges. The possibility of unknown biophysical mechanisms was noted.

DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2025.109751

Study URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412025005021

Study type: cohort

Int J Reprod Biomed · 2016 · Manual

Women exposed to higher measured EMF levels had a statistically significant increased likelihood of miscarriage by likelihood ratio test, but this association was not confirmed by the Wald test; overall miscarriage rate was 12.3%.

PMID: 27326421

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27326421/

Study type: animal

Appl. Sci. · 2026 · Manual

Rats exposed to 2100 MHz or 2450 MHz EMF (1 h/day for 30 days) showed immunohistochemical evidence of apoptosis in brain tissue, with decreased COX-2 gene expression and increased BAX protein in EMF groups. Ginseng administration (150 mg/kg/day for 30 days) in exposed groups was concluded to reduce harmful effects by increasing COX-2 gene expression and decreasing BAX protein during the apoptosis process.

DOI: 10.3390/app16052376

Study URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/app16052376

Study type: review

Prog Biophys Mol Biol · 2011 · Manual

The paper reports numerical dosimetry results indicating that current phone compliance methods are valid for children, while some tissues (e.g., peripheral brain tissues) may have higher exposure in children than adults. For plane-wave exposures, whole-body SAR in children can be higher than in adults, and compliance with ICNIRP reference levels may not guarantee compliance with ICNIRP basic restrictions. Preliminary foetus-model results suggest foetus exposure is often lower than the mother’s, with foetus position in the uterus influencing exposure.

DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2011.10.002 · PMID: 22005525

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22005525/

Study type: randomized_trial

Scientific Reports · 2026 · Manual

In a between-subjects randomized design, Theta-Burst EMF stimulation reduced Digit Span Backward (working memory) performance and was accompanied by increased high-alpha (10–12 Hz) activity in the left inferior frontal gyrus and a whole-brain effect centered on the right superior frontal gyrus. Theta-Gamma EMF stimulation reduced Digit Span Forward performance without detectable EEG changes.

Study URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-42063-4

Study type: animal

Int J Radiat Biol · 2013 · Manual

GSM 900 MHz cellular phone radiation significantly altered embryonic development and DNA damage in a duration-dependent manner. After 38 h exposure, embryos had increased somite number (p<0.001) and decreased DNA strand breaks (p<0.001) versus control; after 158 h exposure, embryos had decreased somite number (p<0.05) and increased DNA damage (p<0.001) versus control.

DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2013.791408 · PMID: 23578013

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23578013/

Study type: review

J Cell Mol Med · 2013 · Manual

This review summarizes literature suggesting that non-thermal EMF effects (ELF and microwave range) can be reduced or blocked by L-type or other VGCC blockers, supporting VGCCs as direct targets. It proposes downstream signaling via Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent nitric oxide pathways that may underlie both therapeutic effects (e.g., bone growth stimulation) and adverse effects (e.g., DNA single-strand breaks via oxidative stress/peroxynitrite).

DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12088 · PMID: 23802593

Study URL: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3780531/

Study type: systematic_review

Environmental Research · 2025 · Manual

Fifty-four eligible animal studies were identified. Overall, the review found very little evidence that ELF magnetic fields alone are carcinogenic, while evidence for co-carcinogenicity (ELF MFs combined with other agents) was inconclusive. A clear indication of publication bias was observed.

DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2025.121819

Study URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935125010709

Study type: meta_analysis

Int J Radiat Biol · 2006 · Manual

Meta-analysis of in vitro and short-term animal studies combining extremely low frequency magnetic fields with known carcinogens or other toxic agents found that the majority of reviewed studies were positive, suggesting interaction with other exposures. A nonlinear pattern was reported, with a minimum percentage of positive studies at 1–3 mT; publication bias was considered unlikely to explain the findings.

DOI: 10.1080/09553000600577839 · PMID: 16546898

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16546898/

Study type: in_vitro

Electromagn Biol Med · 2026 · Manual

HCT116 cells exposed to 50 Hz ELF-EMF at 0.4 or 0.8 mT (9 or 18 h; continuous or discontinuous) showed significant alterations in miR-21, miR-141, miR-135, and miR-138 expression. Flow cytometry indicated increased apoptosis and necrosis rates under the electromagnetic field conditions.

DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2026.2635039 · PMID: 41731933

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41731933/

Study type: animal

IEEE Trans Biomed Eng · 1969 · Manual

In rabbits exposed at 5.5 GHz using CW and pulsed power, lens opacities (when present) developed within four days after exposures of sufficient intensity and duration. Three minutes at the one-watt level exceeded the cataractogenic threshold, while at the 0.5-watt level no acute effect was observed after a two-hour exposure.

DOI: 10.1109/tbme.1969.4502597 · PMID: 5775611

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5775611/

Study type: animal

Environ Health Perspect · 1979 · Manual

In rats and rabbits exposed to 2375 +/- 50 MHz in absorbant chambers, microwave radiation at 10, 50, and 500 µW/cm2 for 30 days (7 hr/day) was associated with changes in bioelectric brain activity and behavioral, immunological, and cytochemical reactions. At 10 and 50 µW/cm2, electric brain activity was reported to be stimulated at the initial stage of irradiation, while at 500 µW/cm2 it was reported to be suppressed (increase of slow, high-amplitude delta-waves). At 500 µW/cm2, decreases in work capacity, unconditioned feeding stimulus value, investigating activity, electronic irradiation threshold, and inhibition of cellular and humoral immunity were observed.

DOI: 10.1289/ehp.7930115 · PMID: 446442

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/446442/

Study type: in_vitro

Cell Calcium · 1987 · Manual

One-hour exposure to combined steady and periodic magnetic fields (up to 30 Hz; up to 1.5 × 10^(-4) T_rms) was used to probe cyclotron resonance effects on 45Ca incorporation in mixed human lymphocytes. Relative 45Ca uptake at resonance appeared to follow different interaction mechanisms above vs below 0.2 × 10^(-4) T_rms. Nifedipine decreased 45Ca uptake in both unexposed and exposed suspensions, and evidence suggested nifedipine antagonized the 45Ca cyclotron resonance tuning signal.

DOI: 10.1016/0143-4160(87)90025-x · PMID: 3435912

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3435912/

Study type: other

Bioelectromagnetics · 1987 · Manual

Experiments in diatoms showed an apparent movement of calcium across the cell membrane in response to specific DC and AC magnetic flux densities and a frequency derived from cyclotron resonance theory. A clear resonance with a sharp frequency response curve was reported, along with a dose response as AC flux density varied and effects at odd harmonics of the basic cyclotron frequency.

DOI: 10.1002/bem.2250080302 · PMID: 3663247

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3663247/

Study type: animal

J Microw Power · 1978 · Manual

In near-field exposure to a 2450 MHz resonant slot radiator, rabbits developed cataracts at incident apparent power densities of 180 mW/cm2. Monkeys had facial burns but no lens damage even at incident apparent power densities of 500 mW/cm2; computer thermal models were reported to substantiate these results.

DOI: 10.1080/16070658.1978.11689101 · PMID: 108401

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/108401/

Study type: in_vitro

Radiat Res · 1991 · Manual

Microwave exposure alone (2.45 GHz pulse-modulated at 120 Hz; SAR 0.1, 1, or 4.4 W/kg) had no effect on cell survival or induction of neoplastic transformation. When combined with the tumor promoter TPA (0.1 micrograms/ml), EM-field exposure significantly enhanced neoplastic transformation, with a dose-dependent increase and effects reported as additive with X-ray doses (0.5–1.5 Gy) used as a cocarcinogen.

PMID: 2020740

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2020740/

Study type: animal

Bioelectromagnetics · 1995 · Manual

After 2 h pulsed 2450 MHz exposure, no significant effect was observed immediately post-exposure, but a dose rate-dependent increase in DNA single-strand breaks was observed at 4 h post-exposure at 0.6 and 1.2 W/kg whole-body SAR. After 2 h continuous-wave 2450 MHz exposure at 1.2 W/kg SAR, increases in DNA single-strand breaks were observed immediately and at 4 h post-exposure.

DOI: 10.1002/bem.2250160309 · PMID: 7677797

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7677797/

Study type: in_vitro

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · 1976 · Manual

Exposure to weak sinusoidal electric fields (1, 6, 16, 32, or 75 Hz; 5, 10, 56, or 100 V/m in air) was associated with a general trend toward reduced 45Ca2+ efflux compared with unexposed matched controls. Maximum decreases were reported at 6 and 16 Hz (12–15%), with estimated thresholds around 10 V/m for chick tissue and 56 V/m for cat tissue; other exposures showed similar but nonsignificant trends.

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.73.6.1999 · PMID: 1064869

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1064869/

Study type: ecological

Environ Health Perspect · 1985 · Manual

In an occupational mortality analysis of 486,000 adult male death records (Washington State, 1950–1982), leukemia and non-Hodgkin's/other lymphomas showed increased PMRs in nine occupations considered to have electric or magnetic field exposures (12,714 total deaths in these occupations). Eight of nine occupations had increased PMRs for leukemia and seven of nine had increased PMRs for other lymphomas; the highest PMRs were for acute leukemia (67 observed vs 41 expected; PMR 162) and other lymphomas (51 observed vs 31 expected; PMR 164). No increase in mortality was reported for Hodgkin's disease or multiple myeloma.

DOI: 10.1289/ehp.8562297 · PMID: 4085433

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4085433/

Study type: animal

Brain Res · 1984 · Manual

Significantly elevated sodium fluorescein levels were found only in brains of conscious rats made considerably hyperthermic (colonic temperatures >41.0°C) by either ambient heat exposure for 90 min or 2450 MHz continuous-wave microwave exposure at 65 mW/cm2 (SAR ~13 W/kg) for 30 or 90 min. In microwave-exposed rats, fluorescein levels in cortex and hypothalamus appeared to increase with longer exposure duration, while this trend was not apparent in cerebellum or medulla. The authors suggest the increased fluorescein levels most likely represent technically derived artifact rather than blood-brain barrier breakdown.

DOI: 10.1016/0165-0173(84)90021-3 · PMID: 6733539

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6733539/

Study type: in_vitro

Bioelectromagnetics · 1988 · Manual

Calcium-ion efflux from chicken brain tissues was examined across 1–510 Hz (15-Hz intervals) with 15 Vrms/m electric field and 59–69 nTrms magnetic field. Differences in mean efflux between exposed and sham samples did not show readily discernible frequency-response patterns, but analyses of calculated P-values were used to hypothesize three possible frequency-dependent patterns, including significant responses (P<.01) at some frequencies (e.g., at 30-Hz intervals between 15 and 315 Hz with exceptions at 165 Hz; significant results at 60, 90, and 180 Hz but not 300 Hz; and one significant response at 405 Hz).

DOI: 10.1002/bem.2250090303 · PMID: 3178897

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3178897/

Study type: in_vitro

Bioelectromagnetics · 1985 · Manual

In a local geomagnetic field (LGF) of 38 microT, 15- and 45-Hz electromagnetic signals (40 Vp-p/m in air) were reported to induce a change in calcium ion efflux from brain tissue in vitro, while 1- and 30-Hz signals did not. Reducing the LGF to 19 microT rendered the 15-Hz signal ineffective, and changing the LGF to +/-25.3 microT or +/-76 microT made the previously ineffective 30-Hz signal effective, suggesting LGF intensity modifies the frequency-dependent effect.

DOI: 10.1002/bem.2250060402 · PMID: 3836676

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3836676/

Study type: in_vitro

Bioelectromagnetics · 1985 · Manual

In chick brain tissue in vitro, enhanced calcium ion efflux depended on ELF frequency and field intensity. No enhanced efflux was observed for 42 Hz at 30–60 Vp-p/m, while 45 Hz produced enhanced efflux around 40 Vp-p/m; 50 Hz produced enhanced efflux in a narrower intensity region (45–50 Vp-p/m), and 60 Hz only at 35 and 40 Vp-p/m. RF carrier waves amplitude-modulated at 50 Hz also showed enhanced efflux over a narrow power density range; frequency sweeps at 42.5 Vp-p/m indicated two responsive frequency regions centered near 15 Hz and spanning 45–105 Hz.

DOI: 10.1002/bem.2250060102 · PMID: 3977964

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3977964/

Study type: animal

Bioelectromagnetics · 1996 · Manual

In male Balb/c mice, continuous-wave 2.45 GHz exposure (6 days, 3 h/day) increased the number of antibody-producing spleen cells by 37%. Amplitude-modulated exposure (50 Hz square wave modulation of 2.45 GHz) increased spleen index by 15% and antibody-producing cell number by 55% in males; no changes were observed in females.

DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-186x(1996)17:3<246::aid-bem11>3.0.co;2-o · PMID: 8809365

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8809365/

Study type: other

Neuropsychobiology · 1996 · Manual

Pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic fields from digital mobile radio telephones were associated with shortened sleep onset latency and reduced REM sleep duration and percentage. EEG spectral analysis during REM sleep showed increased spectral power density, described as qualitative alterations of the EEG signal.

DOI: 10.1159/000119247 · PMID: 8821374

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8821374/

Study type: animal

Bioelectromagnetics · 1991 · Manual

Mice were exposed to pulsed microwaves (9.4 GHz; 1 microsecond pulses at 1,000/s) with or without concurrent amplitude modulation (14–41 MHz). Without amplitude modulation, the pulsed field did not greatly alter immune responsiveness; with combined pulse-and-amplitude modulation, immune responses showed significant AM-frequency-dependent augmentation or weakening.

DOI: 10.1002/bem.2250120107 · PMID: 2012621

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2012621/

Study type: ecological

Med J Aust · 1996 · Manual

Comparing inner (near towers) vs outer areas, total leukaemia incidence rate ratio (all ages) was 1.24 (95% CI 1.09-1.40). In children, leukaemia incidence RR was 1.58 (95% CI 1.07-2.34) and mortality RR was 2.32 (95% CI 1.35-4.01); childhood lymphatic leukaemia incidence RR was 1.55 (95% CI 1.00-2.41) and mortality RR was 2.74 (95% CI 1.42-5.27). Brain cancer incidence and mortality were not increased.

DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1996.tb138661.x · PMID: 8985435

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8985435/

Study type: animal

Radiat Res · 2009 · Manual

Across four generations of C57BL mice chronically exposed to UMTS-like fields (~1966 MHz) at mean whole-body SARs of 0.08, 0.4, and 1.3 W/kg (plus sham), the study reports no harmful effects on fertility or development; pup number and development were not affected. Some data suggested effects on food consumption, without a clear dose-response relationship.

DOI: 10.1667/rr1460.1 · PMID: 19138054

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19138054/

Study type: randomized_trial

Neuroimage · 2025 · Manual

A significant interaction between RF-EMF exposure and CACNA1C rs7304986 genotype was observed: only 3.6 GHz exposure in T/C carriers induced a faster spindle center frequency in central, parietal, and occipital cortex compared with sham. T/C carriers reported longer sleep latency than T/T carriers.

DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121340

Study URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S105381192500343X

Study type: in_vitro

Eur Urol Focus · 2023 · Manual

In this in vitro study using a current-generation smartphone in talk mode during a WhatsApp voice call, decreases in sperm motility and viability were observed with WiFi exposure but not with 4G or 5G exposure. The authors note large variability among smartphones and call for further research.

DOI: 10.1016/j.euf.2022.11.004 · PMID: 36379868

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36379868/

Study type: other

International journal of radiation biology · 2018 · PubMed

In EEG signals time-locked to the microwave radiation (MWR)-OFF stimulus, an enhanced signal level in the alpha band and about twice higher signal-to-noise ratio at 200–440 ms after the stimulus were detected. No remarkable response was observed in EEG signals time-locked to the MWR-ON stimulus.

DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1478164 · PMID: 29775395

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29775395/

Study type: in_vitro

Health physics · 2018 · PubMed

In vitro exposure of human fetal and adult fibroblasts to 25 GHz microwaves showed no evidence of direct DNA damage by comet assay, γH2AX, or CREST-negative micronuclei, and no induction of apoptosis or changes in prosurvival signalling proteins. However, exposed samples showed an increase in total micronuclei and centromere-positive micronuclei, interpreted as aneuploidy due to chromosome loss.

DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000000871 · PMID: 29787439

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29787439/

Study type: animal

Plant signaling & behavior · 2018 · PubMed

Continuous wave 2.45 GHz microwave exposure at 1.9–2.1 W m power density significantly reduced the amplitude of leaf burning-induced variation potential along the stem, mainly due to a significant reduction in depolarization rate. The effect was not observed during the post-exposure period, and other variation potential characteristics were reported as unchanged under exposure.

DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2018.1486145 · PMID: 29944441

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29944441/

Study type: other

General dentistry · 2017 · PubMed

For E. coli and C. albicans, 3, 5, and 7 minutes of microwave exposure were effective at sterilizing specimens. For S. aureus, sterilization was achieved with 5 and 7 minutes, while 3 minutes left colonies in 10/20 (50%) Petri dishes. No statistically significant differences in dimensional change or surface roughness were observed across radiation regimens (P > 0.05).

PMID: 28253181

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28253181/

Study type: other

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2017 · PubMed

Exposure to abiotic stress factors (UV-C, electromagnetic field, microwave radiation, ultrasound) at different operation times differentiated the contents of several polyphenolic compound groups in chokeberry. UV-C, microwaves, and ultrasound in most cases increased polyphenolic contents (reported increases: anthocyanins 22%, phenolic acids 20%, flavonols 43%, flavan-3-ols 30%), whereas the electromagnetic field exposure decreased the examined polyphenolic compounds.

DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071161 · PMID: 28704941

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28704941/

Study type: animal

Chinese journal of integrative medicine · 2019 · PubMed

Rats exposed to microwave radiation had higher testis apoptosis index than controls at days 1, 7, and 14 post-exposure, along with seminiferous tubule structural damage. Daily gavage of modified Wuzi Yanzong Pill for 7 days reduced apoptosis index, improved testis morphology, and down-regulated elevated p53 on days 7 and 14 compared with the radiation group; Tip60 expression was not detected on days 7 and 14 in any group.

DOI: 10.1007/s11655-017-2425-9 · PMID: 29063469

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29063469/

Study type: animal

Journal of current ophthalmology · 2018 · PubMed

ERG responses measured 7 days after exposure showed no statistically significant differences between groups for any tested parameters (p>0.1), though non-significant trends toward greater changes were noted in irradiated eyes. Retinal pathology was reported as normal with no degeneration or infiltration. Ciliary body congestion was observed more frequently in rabbits receiving higher microwave doses (p=0.005).

DOI: 10.1016/j.joco.2017.08.010 · PMID: 29564413

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29564413/