Study type: systematic_review

Environmental Health · 2026 · Manual

Benchmark dose analyses indicate that cancer risk at 1 in 100,000 occurs at SAR levels between 0.8 to 5 mW/kg, and male fertility effects occur at SAR levels between 3.3 to 10 mW/kg, both significantly below current regulatory limits.

DOI: 10.1186/s12940-026-01288-6

Study URL: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12940-026-01288-6

Study type: animal

Mol Med Rep · 2020 · Manual

In rats, BBB permeability increased immediately after ultra-wide-band electromagnetic pulse exposure, peaked at 3-6 h, and returned to baseline by 24 h. BBB opening was observed at 200 and 400 kV/m but not at 50 kV/m, and ZO-1 expression decreased at 3 and 6 h without an observed change in ZO-1 distribution.

DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11382 · PMID: 32945403

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32945403/

Study type: review

Child Dev · 2018 · Manual

This review profiles epigenetic studies related to exposure to mobile phones and other wireless devices producing EMF and pulsed radiofrequency radiation. The abstract states that numerous studies have reported harmful health impacts and neurodevelopmental/neurobehavioral symptoms in young people, with epigenetic mechanisms and DNA damage described as likely contributors.

DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12824 · PMID: 28504324

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28504324/

Study type: review

Pathophysiology · 2013 · Manual

This paper provides an overview of epidemiological evidence and reports a meta-analysis of Hardell group and Interphone results for mobile phone use. In the meta-analysis, higher odds were reported for glioma in the temporal lobe with latency ≥10 years (OR=1.71, 95% CI=1.04-2.81) and for ipsilateral cumulative mobile phone use ≥1640 h (OR=2.29, 95% CI=1.56-3.37); acoustic neuroma risk was also elevated for ipsilateral cumulative use ≥1640 h (OR=2.55, 95% CI=1.50-4.40). The abstract also states that cordless phone use increased risk for glioma and acoustic neuroma in Hardell group studies.

DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2012.11.001 · PMID: 23261330

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23261330/

Study type: case_control

Int J Oncol · 2009 · Manual

In two Swedish case-control studies, ipsilateral use of mobile and cordless phones was associated with higher odds of astrocytoma, especially with >10 years latency (mobile phone OR 3.3, 95% CI 2.0-5.4; cordless phone OR 5.0, 95% CI 2.3-11). For acoustic neuroma, the highest odds were reported for ipsilateral mobile phone use with >10 years latency (OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.4-6.2), while the cordless phone estimate was imprecise (OR 2.3, 95% CI 0.6-8.8). Highest risks were also reported among subjects with first use before age 20 years.

DOI: 10.3892/ijo_00000307 · PMID: 19513546

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19513546/

Study type: policy

Int J Oncol · 2011 · Manual

This pooled analysis of case-control studies reported increased odds of glioma associated with both mobile and cordless phone use. Risk increased with longer latency and greater cumulative hours of use, with the highest reported risk for astrocytoma in the >10 year latency group and among those with first wireless phone use before age 20.

DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2011.947 · PMID: 21331446

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21331446/

Study type: policy

Pathophysiology · 2015 · Manual

In this pooled analysis of two Swedish case-control studies, mobile phone use was associated with increased glioma risk overall (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1-1.6), rising to OR 3.0 (95% CI 1.7-5.2) in the >25-year latency group. Cordless phone use was also associated with increased glioma risk (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.1-1.7), with higher odds for longer latency and ipsilateral use; the highest risk was reported for temporal lobe glioma.

DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2014.10.001 · PMID: 25466607

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25466607/

Study type: exposure_assessment

2023 · Manual

The 2023 Danish Cancer Registry report documents a clear and sustained rise in brain and central nervous system tumors, with age-standardized incidence rates increasing substantially from 2004 to 2023 for both men and women. Head and neck cancers show more modest and mixed trends.

Study URL: https://www.rfsafe.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Nye-kraefttilfaelde-i-Danmark-2023.pdf

Study type: case_control

ISEE Conference Abstracts · 2024 · Manual

Individuals carrying a phone below the waist were four times more likely to develop early-onset colorectal cancer. Ipsilateral carrying on the left side for more than 30,000 hours was associated with a 12-fold increased risk of tumor on that side. Contralateral carrying showed only a slight increase in risk.

DOI: 10.1289/isee.2024.1903

Study URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/383147719_Is_Cellphone_Carrying_Below_the_Waist_Exposure_to_Non-Ionizing_Radiation_Contributing_to_the_Rapid_Rise_in_Early-Onset_Colorectal_Cancer

Study type: cross_sectional

Iraqi Journal of Market Research and Consumer Protection · 2025 · Manual

Serum 8-OHdG was higher in participants living near communication towers (3.9) compared with the control group living far from towers (0.46).

DOI: 10.28936/jmracpc17.1.2025.(13

Study URL: https://doi.org/10.28936/jmracpc17.1.2025.(13)

Study type: cross_sectional

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int · 2016 · Manual

In this cross-sectional study of power plant workers, occupational EMF exposure (including RF and ELF) was associated with higher LDL-c (β = 0.17 mmol/L, P = 0.022). In the high-exposure group, longer employment duration, longer daily exposure duration, and higher mobile phone or electric fee per month were associated with higher total cholesterol, LDL-c, or triglycerides; decreased HDL-c was reported only in the high-exposure group with higher mobile phone fee per month. Similar patterns were reported in 544 participants with serum lipid data available in 2010.

DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5500-9 · PMID: 26423285

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26423285/

Study type: animal

Reprod Toxicol · 2026 · Manual

Paternal exposure to 5G RFR (4.9 GHz) induced anxiety-like behaviors and impaired sperm quality in first-generation male offspring mice, potentially mediated by hypermethylation and downregulation of the LRGUK gene. No significant effects were observed on depression-like behaviors, cognition, or fertility in offspring.

DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2025.109139

Study URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0890623825003107

Study type: other

Acta psychologica · 2026 · PubMed

EEG-based indices indicated that video calls produced significantly higher cognitive load than audio calls (example TAR means reported for 3-minute sessions; p<0.05) and higher mental fatigue (example values reported for 4-minute sessions). Effects were stronger with longer call duration, and ML classification distinguished call conditions with ROC AUC > 0.90.

DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.106160 · PMID: 41601117

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41601117/

Study type: in_vitro

Radiat Res · 2008 · Manual

Real-time measurements showed increased cytosolic Ca(2+) and increased Ca(2+) spiking in response to nonthermal RF exposure from 700–1100 MHz. Example given: 800 MHz at 0.5 W/kg increased spikes to 15.7±0.8 vs ~5 spikes/cell/60 min in controls (P<0.05). The increase depended on frequency but not on SAR between 0.5–5 W/kg; pharmacological agents implicated N-type Ca(2+) channels and phospholipase C, and microfilament disruption prevented Ca(2+) spikes.

DOI: 10.1667/rr1118.1 · PMID: 18302487

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18302487/

Study type: review

Environ Res · 2019 · Manual

This review reports that several meta-analyses since about 2000 found significant associations between 50-60 Hz magnetic field exposure and childhood leukemia. It states that government or independent studies more often reported significant or elevated risks, whereas industry-supported studies generally did not, and concludes that there is strong evidence for increased risks of adult leukemia, breast cancer, and brain cancer with excessive magnetic field exposure.

DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108688

Study URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31476684

Study type: exposure_assessment

Environ Res · 2018 · Manual

Children absorb two- to three-fold higher localized RF radiation doses in brain regions and eyes compared to adults when using cell phones or virtual reality devices. Current regulatory testing methods based on adult models underestimate exposure in children. Precautionary measures to reduce children's exposure are recommended.

DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.05.013

Study URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935118302561

Study type: systematic_review

2022 · Manual

Analysis of 131 peer-reviewed studies showed that 95% confirmed statistically significant oxidative effects induced by non-thermal RF EMFs, mostly pulsed/modulated by ELF, in various biological systems. Similarly, 92% of 39 studies on purely ELF EMFs revealed significant oxidative effects. The oxidative stress induced by man-made EMFs, especially wireless communication EMFs combining RF and ELF components, is a pronounced oxidative agent with high pathogenic potential in living cells.

DOI: 10.1201/9781003201052-6

Study URL: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003201052-6

Study type: other

Gen Physiol Biophys · 2024 · Manual

Human peripheral blood lymphocytes exposed to mobile telephony electromagnetic fields showed chromosomal damage. Pre-exposure to a single 15-minute mobile telephony EMF exposure before gamma radiation (0.1, 0.3, or 0.5 Gy) increased chromosomal aberrations significantly more than the sum of aberrations from the individual stressors.

DOI: 10.4149/gpb_2023036

Study URL: http://www.elis.sk/download_file.php?product_id=8263&amp;session_id=ef2ijbhbn0hevd1s33q2nvkrp6

Study type: animal

Neurotoxicology · 2025 · Manual

In vivo pre- and post-natal exposure at 0.08 and 0.4 W/kg SAR was associated with decreased BDNF levels, fewer BrdU+ proliferative cells, and a decreased excitatory/inhibitory synapse balance in rat pups. In vitro exposure at 0.08 W/kg SAR was associated with increased Ki-67+ proliferative cells, increased apoptosis, increased double-strand DNA breaks, and shifts in NSC-derived cell-type ratios (lower B1 cells; higher oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and astrocytes).

DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2025.103312

Study URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0161813X2500110X?via%3Dihub

Study type: systematic_review

Environment International · 2025 · Manual

The review of 52 animal studies found high certainty evidence that RF-EMF exposure causes malignant heart schwannomas and brain gliomas in male rats. Moderate certainty evidence was found for lymphoma, adrenal pheochromocytomas, liver hepatoblastomas, and lung tumors. These findings represent a substantial upgrade from previous classifications of limited evidence.

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40339346/

Study type: animal

2018 · Manual

The NTP study found clear evidence of increased malignant heart schwannomas and some evidence of increased brain gliomas in male rats exposed to GSM- and CDMA-modulated cell phone RFR at whole-body SAR levels of 1.5, 3, and 6 W/kg. The lowest dose (1.5 W/kg) produced as many or more tumors as higher doses, indicating a non-monotonic dose-response. The WHO 2025 systematic review rated the evidence for increased malignant heart schwannomas and brain gliomas in male rats as high certainty, explicitly including the NTP 1.5 W/kg data.

Study URL: https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/sites/default/files/ntp/htdocs/lt_rpts/tr595_508.pdf

Study type: animal

Environ Res · 2018 · Manual

A statistically significant increase in heart Schwannomas incidence was observed in male rats at the highest exposure (50 V/m). Increases in heart Schwann cells hyperplasia and malignant glial tumors were observed at the highest dose but were not statistically significant. Tumors showed morphological similarity to low-grade human gliomas and harbored mutations homologous to human cancer mutations.

DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.037

Study URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29530389

Study type: systematic_review

Environ Int · 2025 · Manual

High certainty that RF-EMF exposure in males causes a significant reduction in pregnancy rate when exposed males are mated. Additional findings with low-to-moderate certainty include reduced sperm count, reduced sperm vitality, and increased sperm DNA damage.

DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2025.109449 · PMID: 40268655

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40268655/

Study type: in_vitro

Int J Radiat Biol · 2026 · Manual

Bacterial cultures exposed to 2.45 GHz RFR showed significantly increased ROS generation (~2-fold increases in total intracellular ROS, hydroxyl radicals, and superoxide radicals) versus sham/control. SEM/TEM indicated disrupted membranes and cytoplasmic disorganization, accompanied by increased protein/carbohydrate leakage and elevated oxidative damage markers (MDA >1.5-fold; protein carbonyl >2-fold), with effects reported across all three species and more pronounced damage in E. cloacae.

DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2026.2636305 · PMID: 41747184

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41747184/

Study type: animal

Ann N Y Acad Sci · 2025 · Manual

Compared with sham controls, prenatal 3.5 GHz RFR exposure was associated with reduced seminiferous tubule diameter and epithelial height and lower Johnsen scores in the full-gestation exposure group, and increased abnormal sperm morphology. Both exposure groups showed higher γ-H2AX immunostaining, increased TUNEL-positive cells, and higher apoptosis index; Beclin-1 expression was higher in the full-gestation exposure group.

DOI: 10.1111/nyas.70116

Study URL: https://nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nyas.70116

Study type: animal

Nephron Extra · 2011 · Manual

In cystic rats, near-infrared/red LED treatment (640–690 nm) reduced body weight and total kidney weight compared with sham-treated cystic rats, and BUN increased further (reported as almost 2-fold) with NIR treatment in both non-cystic and cystic rats. Hydrocephalus severity was reported as more severe in NIR-treated cystic rats, and the authors conclude that phototherapy initiated after symptom onset was detrimental to MKS-induced pathology.

DOI: 10.1159/000332046 · PMID: 22470396

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22470396/

Study type: review

Exp Oncol · 2010 · Manual

The article summarizes epidemiological data reporting increased risk of certain tumors in long-term (over 10 years) mobile phone users, particularly with ipsilateral use (reported case-control odds ratios 1.3 to 6.1). It also notes two epidemiological studies reporting increased cancer incidence among people living close to mobile telephony base stations compared with more distant populations, and cites experimental findings of non-thermal biological effects (e.g., ROS, heat shock proteins, DNA damage, apoptosis).

PMID: 20693976

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20693976/

Study type: review

Exp Oncol · 2011 · Manual

The review describes epidemiological and experimental reports suggesting that long-term exposure to low-intensity microwave radiation can induce or promote cancer in humans and animal models, with effects typically appearing after long durations (up to 10+ years) and increased carcinogenesis reported in rodents after 17–24 months of exposure. It also cites reported metabolic stress-related changes (e.g., ROS, 8-hydroxi-2-deoxyguanosine, ornithine decarboxylase activation) and argues that current thermal-based safety guidelines (including ICNIRP) require reevaluation and that precautionary regulation is warranted.

PMID: 21716201

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21716201/

Study type: review

Ukr Biokhim Zh (1999) · 2011 · Manual

This review summarizes recent research suggesting potential risks from long-term low-level microwave exposure from mobile communication systems and describes reported cellular/metabolic stress responses. Reproducible effects described include heat shock protein overexpression, increased ROS and intracellular Ca2+, DNA damage with inhibited repair, and apoptosis, with ERK and p38MAPK implicated; the authors argue effects are not exclusively thermal and suggest standards based only on thermal effects may need re-evaluation.

PMID: 21851043

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21851043/

Study type: animal

Int J Radiat Biol · 2014 · Manual

In liver, cardiac, and aorta tissues from male rats exposed to non-thermal UHF EMR (pulsed and continuous), qualitative and quantitative disturbances in the mitochondrial ETC were reported, including iron-nitrosyl complex formation, decreased activity of FeS-protein N2, increased flavo-ubisemiquinone, and increased superoxide production rates. Effects in liver and aorta were reported as more pronounced with pulsed-mode exposure.

DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2014.899448 · PMID: 24597749

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24597749/

Study type: animal

Exp Oncol · 2013 · Manual

RF-EMR exposure was associated with significant persistent overproduction of superoxide and nitrogen oxide across all analysis timepoints. Exposed embryos also showed significantly increased TBARS and 8-oxo-dG and significantly decreased superoxide dismutase and catalase activities compared with unexposed embryos.

PMID: 24084462

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24084462/

Study type: animal

Exp Oncol · 2018 · Manual

Quail embryos exposed in ovo to low-intensity GSM 1800 MHz radiation (0.32 µW/cm2; 48 s on/12 s off) showed statistically significant increases in oxidative markers (2-fold higher superoxide generation; 85% higher nitrogen oxide generation), DNA integrity damage, and increased oxidative DNA damage (up to ~2x higher 8-oxo-dG in cells of 1-day-old chicks). Exposure was also associated with an almost twofold increase in embryo mortality.

PMID: 30593748

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30593748/

Study type: review

Int J Oncol · 2021 · Manual

This review states that exposure to human-made EMFs (especially ELF and RF/microwave bands, with RF described as including ELF components) may lead to DNA damage and related pathologies. It describes an ion forced-oscillation mechanism whereby polarized/coherent EMFs may cause irregular gating of voltage-gated ion channels, disrupting ionic homeostasis and leading to reactive oxygen species overproduction and DNA damage; it also suggests non-thermal RF effects are due to ELF components.

DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2021.5272

Study URL: https://www.spandidos-publications.com/ijo/59/5/92

Study type: review

Environ Res · 2018 · Manual

The review states that repeated Wi-Fi studies show oxidative stress, sperm/testicular damage, neuropsychiatric/EEG effects, apoptosis, cellular DNA damage, endocrine changes, and calcium overload, and argues these are established effects of Wi-Fi and other microwave-frequency EMFs. It proposes VGCC activation as the predominant mechanism and critiques another review (Foster and Moulder) as relying on small, non-Wi-Fi studies and being underpowered to conclude no effect.

DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.035

Study URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.035

Study type: review

Biomed Res Int · 2015 · Manual

The authors argue that real-life emissions from commercially available mobile phones are variable and differ substantially from simulated, fixed-parameter emissions used in many experiments. They state that experimental studies using simulated emissions show strong inconsistency (with less than 50% reporting effects), whereas studies using real mobile phone exposures show nearly 100% consistency in reporting adverse effects, and they conclude experiments should use commercially available handsets to better reflect real-world exposure.

DOI: 10.1155/2015/607053 · PMID: 26346766

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26346766/

Study type: review

Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res · 2019 · Manual

This review summarizes results from the author’s group (2006–2016) comparing DNA fragmentation in Drosophila melanogaster oogenesis under identical procedures after exposure to six different EMFs. It reports that real-life mobile telephony (mobile phone) EMFs were significantly more bioactive/damaging than a 50 Hz alternating magnetic field or a pulsed electric field, even with shorter exposure durations, and were described as more damaging than certain previously tested cytotoxic stressors (e.g., certain chemicals, starvation, dehydration).

DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2019.03.003

Study URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1383574218300991

Study type: review

Reprod Toxicol · 2025 · Manual

This review summarizes mechanistic pathways by which chronic low-intensity RF-EMR exposure may impair male reproductive health, emphasizing oxidative stress/redox imbalance, mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage, apoptosis, autophagy dysregulation, and hormonal disruption via HPG axis interference. It states that experimental and clinical studies consistently link RF-EMR exposure to reduced sperm count and motility, altered testicular architecture, blood-testis barrier compromise, and suppressed testosterone synthesis, including at SARs below current safety thresholds, and notes emerging evidence for epigenetic/transgenerational effects and knowledge gaps for 5G/mmWave.

DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2025.109087

Study URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0890623825002588

Study type: animal

Sci Total Environ · 2025 · Manual

Adult zebrafish exposed to Wi‑Fi RF‑EMR (4 h/day for 30 days) showed significant gonadal histopathology, including testicular abnormalities (seminiferous tubule disintegration, reduced spermatids, abnormal lumina) and ovarian follicular degeneration/stromal disruption. Progeny of exposed adults (raised EMF-free) had increased mortality and gross malformations, with malformation rates increasing with longer parental exposure, and larvae showed anxiety-like behavior at 10 dpf.

DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180982 · PMID: 41264945

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41264945/

Study type: animal

Int J Radiat Biol · 2023 · Manual

Chronic RF-EMF exposure during the juvenile period significantly affected fertility and size of exposed D. magna and their first-generation offspring. Decreased fertility was suggested to be associated with cytotoxic effects in irradiated animals, and reduced terminal spine/body size indicated negative impacts on protective strategy. Reproductive parameters were reported to be restored by the second generation.

DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2022.2087928 · PMID: 35675553

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35675553/

Study type: animal

Int J Radiat Biol · 2014 · Manual

Exposure to 0.1 W/m^2 at either 1 GHz or 10 GHz significantly decreased ciliate motility. Non-exposed progeny of ciliates irradiated with 0.1 W/m^2 at 10 GHz showed significantly compromised motility across at least 10–15 generations.

DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2014.868612 · PMID: 24266430

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24266430/

Study type: animal

Environ Health Perspect · 2003 · Manual

Three groups of eight rats were exposed for 2 hr to GSM mobile phone electromagnetic fields of different strengths. The study reports highly significant evidence (p < 0.002) for neuronal damage in the cortex, hippocampus, and basal ganglia in exposed rats.

DOI: 10.1289/ehp.6039 · PMID: 12782486

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12782486/

Study type: animal

Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine · 1948 · Manual

A single 10-minute exposure to 12 cm electromagnetic waves (microwaves) producing a measured central testicular temperature of 35°C caused testicular degeneration in all cases; in some experiments damage occurred with temperatures between 30°C and 35°C. Infrared irradiation for 10 minutes at 38°C did not produce damage, but damage was observed at 40°C and above; degeneration from microwave exposure was not distinguishable from that produced by infrared.

DOI: 10.3181/00379727-69-16729

Study URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Testicular-Degeneration-as-a-Result-of-Microwave-Imig-Thomson/5820c12532f0b22457af751c7f838d3e7eb0790e

Study type: case_report

AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med · 1952 · Manual

Reports bilateral lenticular opacities occurring in a technician operating a microwave generator.

PMID: 12996097

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12996097/

Study type: case_control

Am J Epidemiol · 1979 · Manual

Homes of children who developed cancer had an excess of electrical wiring configurations suggestive of high current-flow compared with control children’s homes. The association was strongest among children who had lived their entire lives at the same address and appeared dose-related; it did not seem attributable to neighborhood, street congestion, social class, or family structure.

DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112681 · PMID: 453167

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/453167/

Study type: other

J Appl Physiol · 1962 · Manual

Using low average power densities of electromagnetic energy, perception of sounds was induced in normal and deaf humans. The effect occurred immediately when the transmitter was turned on at distances of several hundred feet from the antenna and depended on carrier frequency and modulation. With ~80 dB acoustic noise, a peak power density of ~275 mW/cm^2 was reported as needed to induce perception at carrier frequencies of 425 and 1,310 mc, while average power density could be as low as 400 μW/cm^2; peripheral locations to the cochlea were reported as ruled out as sensor sites.

DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1962.17.4.689 · PMID: 13895081

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13895081/

Study type: ecological

Health Phys · 1981 · Manual

In the West Midlands (England) during 1969–76, suicide locations were significantly correlated with measured power-frequency magnetic field strength, with more suicides occurring at locations with high magnetic field strength.

DOI: 10.1097/00004032-198108000-00003 · PMID: 7275611

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7275611/

Study type: ecological

Physiol Chem Phys · 1979 · Manual

Using a "new approach," the authors report that a correlation was established between the presence of transmission-line electromagnetic fields and the occurrence of suicides in part of the Midlands of England.

PMID: 542502

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/542502/

Study type: animal

Bioelectromagnetics · 1994 · Manual

After 45 min exposure to pulsed 2450 MHz microwaves (1 mW/cm2; average whole-body SAR 0.6 W/kg), rats showed retarded learning in the radial-arm maze, interpreted as a deficit in spatial working memory. The behavioral deficit was reversed by pretreatment with physostigmine or naltrexone, but not by naloxone methiodide.

DOI: 10.1002/bem.2250150202 · PMID: 8024608

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8024608/

Study type: in_vitro

Mutat Res · 1990 · Manual

Exposure to 7.7 GHz continuous microwave radiation (30 mW/cm2) inhibited [3H]thymidine incorporation by preventing DNA from entering S phase; incorporation returned to normal within one V79 generation cycle. Irradiated cells showed a higher frequency of specific chromosome lesions compared with controls, suggesting changes in DNA synthesis and DNA structure.

DOI: 10.1016/0165-7992(90)90028-i · PMID: 2304485

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2304485/

Study type: animal

Int J Radiat Biol · 1996 · Manual

After acute 2-hour exposure to either pulsed or continuous-wave 2450 MHz radiofrequency radiation (whole-body average SAR 1.2 W/kg), an increase in both single- and double-strand DNA breaks in individual rat brain cells was observed at 4 hours post-exposure. No significant difference was observed between pulsed and continuous-wave exposures.

DOI: 10.1080/095530096145814 · PMID: 8627134

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8627134/