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    <title>Reviewed Papers — 2026</title>
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    <description>Reviewed papers published in 2026.</description>
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    <item>
      <title>Exposure limits to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields do not account for cancer risk or reproductive toxicity assessed from data in experimental animals</title>
      <link>https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=6800</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=6800</guid>
      <pubDate>Sat, 14 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <category>effect:harm</category>
      <category>evidence:high</category>
      <category>year:2026</category>
      <category>study_type:systematic_review</category>
      <description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Effect:</strong> Harm &nbsp; <strong>Evidence:</strong> High</p>
<p><strong>Study type:</strong> systematic_review</p>
<p><small>Environmental Health · 2026 · Manual</small></p>
<p>Benchmark dose analyses indicate that cancer risk at 1 in 100,000 occurs at SAR levels between 0.8 to 5 mW/kg, and male fertility effects occur at SAR levels between 3.3 to 10 mW/kg, both significantly below current regulatory limits.</p>
<p><small>DOI: 10.1186/s12940-026-01288-6</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Study URL:</strong> <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12940-026-01288-6" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12940-026-01288-6</a></small></p>]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Exposure to hexavalent chromium and 1800 MHz electromagnetic radiation can synergistically induce intracellular DNA damage in mouse embryonic fibroblasts</title>
      <link>https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=2455</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=2455</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 12 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <category>effect:mixed</category>
      <category>evidence:low</category>
      <category>year:2026</category>
      <category>study_type:in_vitro</category>
      <description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Effect:</strong> Mixed &nbsp; <strong>Evidence:</strong> Low</p>
<p><strong>Study type:</strong> in_vitro</p>
<p><small>Biochem Biophys Res Commun · 2026 · Manual</small></p>
<p>Under standardized non-thermal conditions, 1800 MHz RF-EMF exposure alone did not induce detectable DNA damage in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. RF-EMF did not significantly enhance DNA damage caused by H2O2, 4NQO, or Cd2+, but co-exposure with hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] produced a significant synergistic increase in DNA damage.</p>
<p><small>DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2026.153360 · PMID: 41619510</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Study URL:</strong> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41619510/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41619510/</a></small></p>]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>First Experimental Measurements of Biophotons from Astrocytes and Glioblastoma Cell Cultures.</title>
      <link>https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=6770</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=6770</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <category>effect:unclear</category>
      <category>evidence:insufficient</category>
      <category>year:2026</category>
      <category>study_type:in_vitro</category>
      <description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Effect:</strong> Unclear &nbsp; <strong>Evidence:</strong> Insufficient</p>
<p><strong>Study type:</strong> in_vitro</p>
<p><small>Entropy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026 · PubMed</small></p>
<p>The study reports a first measurement campaign of ultraweak photon emissions (biophotons) from cultured astrocytes and glioblastoma cells using two ultra-sensitive setups. Statistical analyses showed separation between cellular signals and dark noise, and Diffusion Entropy Analysis indicated anomalous diffusion and long-range memory effects, with differences between astrocyte and glioblastoma signals discussed.</p>
<p><small>DOI: 10.3390/e28010112 · PMID: 41594019</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Study URL:</strong> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41594019/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41594019/</a></small></p>]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effects of paternal 5G RFR exposure on health of male offspring mice</title>
      <link>https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=2462</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=2462</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <category>effect:harm</category>
      <category>evidence:high</category>
      <category>year:2026</category>
      <category>study_type:animal</category>
      <description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Effect:</strong> Harm &nbsp; <strong>Evidence:</strong> High</p>
<p><strong>Study type:</strong> animal</p>
<p><small>Reprod Toxicol · 2026 · Manual</small></p>
<p>Paternal exposure to 5G RFR (4.9 GHz) induced anxiety-like behaviors and impaired sperm quality in first-generation male offspring mice, potentially mediated by hypermethylation and downregulation of the LRGUK gene. No significant effects were observed on depression-like behaviors, cognition, or fertility in offspring.</p>
<p><small>DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2025.109139</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Study URL:</strong> <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0890623825003107" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0890623825003107</a></small></p>]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Non-invasive modulation of brain activity and behavior by transcranial radio frequency stimulation.</title>
      <link>https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=6768</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=6768</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <category>effect:mixed</category>
      <category>evidence:low</category>
      <category>year:2026</category>
      <category>study_type:animal</category>
      <description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Effect:</strong> Mixed &nbsp; <strong>Evidence:</strong> Low</p>
<p><strong>Study type:</strong> animal</p>
<p><small>Brain stimulation · 2026 · PubMed</small></p>
<p>A custom 945 MHz TRFS system produced localized brain heating in mice. In pristine mode, RF-induced temperature rises caused dose-dependent suppression of cortical PV interneuron activity and an ipsilateral rotational bias. In RF-genetics mode (TRPV1 overexpression), RF stimulation produced temperature-dependent excitation once local temperature change exceeded approximately 1.5°C and reversed rotational bias to contralateral.</p>
<p><small>DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2026.103032 · PMID: 41548801</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Study URL:</strong> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41548801/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41548801/</a></small></p>]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Impact of mobile phone use on the brain activity: Audio call vs video call.</title>
      <link>https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=6767</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=6767</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <category>effect:harm</category>
      <category>evidence:low</category>
      <category>year:2026</category>
      <category>study_type:other</category>
      <description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Effect:</strong> Harm &nbsp; <strong>Evidence:</strong> Low</p>
<p><strong>Study type:</strong> other</p>
<p><small>Acta psychologica · 2026 · PubMed</small></p>
<p>EEG-based indices indicated that video calls produced significantly higher cognitive load than audio calls (example TAR means reported for 3-minute sessions; p&lt;0.05) and higher mental fatigue (example values reported for 4-minute sessions). Effects were stronger with longer call duration, and ML classification distinguished call conditions with ROC AUC &gt; 0.90.</p>
<p><small>DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.106160 · PMID: 41601117</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Study URL:</strong> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41601117/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41601117/</a></small></p>]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Risk–benefit balance of habitual ultraviolet exposure for cardiovascular, cancer, and skin cancer mortality: UK Biobank cohort study</title>
      <link>https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=6766</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=6766</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <category>effect:mixed</category>
      <category>evidence:moderate</category>
      <category>year:2026</category>
      <category>study_type:cohort</category>
      <description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Effect:</strong> Mixed &nbsp; <strong>Evidence:</strong> Moderate</p>
<p><strong>Study type:</strong> cohort</p>
<p><small>medRxiv · 2026 · Manual</small></p>
<p>Compared with low habitual UV exposure (Sun-BEEM), medium and high exposure were associated with lower all-cause mortality (HR 0.89 and 0.84, respectively) and showed similar inverse associations for cardiovascular and non-skin cancer mortality. Skin cancer mortality showed no clear dose–response with UV exposure, while incident keratinocyte cancers increased across exposure categories; counterfactual modelling suggested potential net prevention of cardiovascular and other cancer deaths relative to additional melanoma/keratinocyte cancer deaths if associations are causal.</p>
<p><small>DOI: 10.64898/2026.01.08.26343592</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Study URL:</strong> <a href="https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.01.08.26343592" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.01.08.26343592</a></small></p>]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Predictors of Risk Perception Among General Practitioners and Paediatricians Concerning Potential Health Effects of Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields</title>
      <link>https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=6761</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=6761</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <category>effect:unclear</category>
      <category>evidence:low</category>
      <category>year:2026</category>
      <category>study_type:cross_sectional</category>
      <description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Effect:</strong> Unclear &nbsp; <strong>Evidence:</strong> Low</p>
<p><strong>Study type:</strong> cross_sectional</p>
<p><small>Bioelectromagnetics · 2026 · Manual</small></p>
<p>In a 2023 cross-sectional survey of 292 German GPs and paediatricians, 31% reported believing in health issues as a consequence of EMF exposure. Higher conspiracy belief was associated with higher EMF risk perception (OR 2.92; 95% CI 1.81–4.13), while higher trust in WHO (OR 0.57; 95% CI 0.35–0.82) and the Federal Office for Radiation Protection (OR 0.50; 95% CI 0.28–0.76) was associated with lower EMF risk perception.</p>
<p><small>DOI: 10.1002/bem.70047 · PMID: 41744411</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Study URL:</strong> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41744411/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41744411/</a></small></p>]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Immunohistochemical, Biochemical and Genetic Evaluation of the Effects of Ginseng Administration on Blood–Brain Barrier in Rats Exposed to 2100 MHz and 2450 MHz Electromagnetic Radiation</title>
      <link>https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=6760</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=6760</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <category>effect:mixed</category>
      <category>evidence:low</category>
      <category>year:2026</category>
      <category>study_type:animal</category>
      <description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Effect:</strong> Mixed &nbsp; <strong>Evidence:</strong> Low</p>
<p><strong>Study type:</strong> animal</p>
<p><small>Appl. Sci. · 2026 · Manual</small></p>
<p>Rats exposed to 2100 MHz or 2450 MHz EMF (1 h/day for 30 days) showed immunohistochemical evidence of apoptosis in brain tissue, with decreased COX-2 gene expression and increased BAX protein in EMF groups. Ginseng administration (150 mg/kg/day for 30 days) in exposed groups was concluded to reduce harmful effects by increasing COX-2 gene expression and decreasing BAX protein during the apoptosis process.</p>
<p><small>DOI: 10.3390/app16052376</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Study URL:</strong> <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/app16052376" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.3390/app16052376</a></small></p>]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effects of industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band frequency 2.45 GHz on membrane integrity and oxidative stress of human skin bacteria</title>
      <link>https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=6781</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=6781</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <category>effect:harm</category>
      <category>evidence:low</category>
      <category>year:2026</category>
      <category>study_type:in_vitro</category>
      <description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Effect:</strong> Harm &nbsp; <strong>Evidence:</strong> Low</p>
<p><strong>Study type:</strong> in_vitro</p>
<p><small>Int J Radiat Biol · 2026 · Manual</small></p>
<p>Bacterial cultures exposed to 2.45 GHz RFR showed significantly increased ROS generation (~2-fold increases in total intracellular ROS, hydroxyl radicals, and superoxide radicals) versus sham/control. SEM/TEM indicated disrupted membranes and cytoplasmic disorganization, accompanied by increased protein/carbohydrate leakage and elevated oxidative damage markers (MDA &gt;1.5-fold; protein carbonyl &gt;2-fold), with effects reported across all three species and more pronounced damage in E. cloacae.</p>
<p><small>DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2026.2636305 · PMID: 41747184</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Study URL:</strong> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41747184/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41747184/</a></small></p>]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Electromagnetic field stimulation modulates working memory and cortical alpha oscillations in healthy adults</title>
      <link>https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=6758</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=6758</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <category>effect:mixed</category>
      <category>evidence:moderate</category>
      <category>year:2026</category>
      <category>study_type:randomized_trial</category>
      <description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Effect:</strong> Mixed &nbsp; <strong>Evidence:</strong> Moderate</p>
<p><strong>Study type:</strong> randomized_trial</p>
<p><small>Scientific Reports · 2026 · Manual</small></p>
<p>In a between-subjects randomized design, Theta-Burst EMF stimulation reduced Digit Span Backward (working memory) performance and was accompanied by increased high-alpha (10–12 Hz) activity in the left inferior frontal gyrus and a whole-brain effect centered on the right superior frontal gyrus. Theta-Gamma EMF stimulation reduced Digit Span Forward performance without detectable EEG changes.</p>
<p><small><strong>Study URL:</strong> <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-42063-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-42063-4</a></small></p>]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Comparative evaluation of radiofrequency-treated and naturally aged rice (Var. Jhelum): Physicochemical, rheological, thermal, microstructural and glycemic characteristics.</title>
      <link>https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=6736</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=6736</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <category>effect:benefit</category>
      <category>evidence:insufficient</category>
      <category>year:2026</category>
      <category>study_type:other</category>
      <description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Effect:</strong> Benefit &nbsp; <strong>Evidence:</strong> Insufficient</p>
<p><strong>Study type:</strong> other</p>
<p><small>Food chemistry · 2026 · PubMed</small></p>
<p>Radiofrequency heating induced ageing-like structural and functional changes in Jhelum rice, with microstructural disruption/aggregation resembling naturally aged rice. RF-treated rice showed increased resistant starch (4.18 ± 0.47%) and a reduced glycaemic index (from 70.34 ± 3.39 in freshly harvested rice to 61.17 ± 2.18), along with improved milling quality (head rice yield 61.81 ± 3.57% in RF-treated paddy) and changes consistent with enhanced starch stability and cooking quality.</p>
<p><small>DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2026.148268 · PMID: 41655485</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Study URL:</strong> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41655485/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41655485/</a></small></p>]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of 4.0 GHz RF Exposure Effects on Bioaerosols Containing Bovine Coronavirus.</title>
      <link>https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=6735</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=6735</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <category>effect:no_effect</category>
      <category>evidence:moderate</category>
      <category>year:2026</category>
      <category>study_type:exposure_assessment</category>
      <description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Effect:</strong> No effect &nbsp; <strong>Evidence:</strong> Moderate</p>
<p><strong>Study type:</strong> exposure_assessment</p>
<p><small>Bioelectromagnetics · 2026 · PubMed</small></p>
<p>Exposure to 4.0 GHz RF at specified electric field amplitudes did not produce statistically significant reductions in bovine coronavirus survival compared to controls. Results suggest lower efficacy of viral inactivation at this frequency relative to higher frequencies.</p>
<p><small>DOI: 10.1002/bem.70040 · PMID: 41589709</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Study URL:</strong> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41589709/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41589709/</a></small></p>]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>One or many environmental intolerance(s)? A cluster analysis over two representative samples</title>
      <link>https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=6716</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=6716</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <category>effect:unclear</category>
      <category>evidence:low</category>
      <category>year:2026</category>
      <category>study_type:cross_sectional</category>
      <description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Effect:</strong> Unclear &nbsp; <strong>Evidence:</strong> Low</p>
<p><strong>Study type:</strong> cross_sectional</p>
<p><small>International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · 2026 · Manual</small></p>
<p>Across two representative datasets, cluster analysis distinguished people with versus without SAEFs, but did not find evidence for empirically distinct SAEF subtype clusters. The SAEF cluster showed higher chemical, noise, and electromagnetic field sensitivity and worse sleep, along with higher markers of psychopathology (e.g., anxiety, depression), and included more women.</p>
<p><small>DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2026.114764</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Study URL:</strong> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2026.114764" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2026.114764</a></small></p>]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Changes in miR-21, -138, -141, -135 expression and apoptosis/necrosis levels in HCT116 colon cancer cells under 50 Hz ELF-EMF exposure at 0.4 and 0.8 mT</title>
      <link>https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=6747</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=6747</guid>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <category>effect:mixed</category>
      <category>evidence:very_low</category>
      <category>year:2026</category>
      <category>study_type:in_vitro</category>
      <description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Effect:</strong> Mixed &nbsp; <strong>Evidence:</strong> Very low</p>
<p><strong>Study type:</strong> in_vitro</p>
<p><small>Electromagn Biol Med · 2026 · Manual</small></p>
<p>HCT116 cells exposed to 50 Hz ELF-EMF at 0.4 or 0.8 mT (9 or 18 h; continuous or discontinuous) showed significant alterations in miR-21, miR-141, miR-135, and miR-138 expression. Flow cytometry indicated increased apoptosis and necrosis rates under the electromagnetic field conditions.</p>
<p><small>DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2026.2635039 · PMID: 41731933</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Study URL:</strong> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41731933/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41731933/</a></small></p>]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Non-thermal acceleration of DNA base pairing by sub-terahertz irradiation</title>
      <link>https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=6648</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=6648</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <category>effect:harm</category>
      <category>evidence:low</category>
      <category>year:2026</category>
      <category>study_type:in_vitro</category>
      <description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Effect:</strong> Harm &nbsp; <strong>Evidence:</strong> Low</p>
<p><strong>Study type:</strong> in_vitro</p>
<p><small>The Journal of Chemical Physics · 2026 · Manual</small></p>
<p>Sub-terahertz (0.1 THz) continuous-wave irradiation non-thermally accelerates DNA base pairing in aqueous solutions, selectively enhancing G:C base pairing and increasing base-paired DNA molecules, unlike conductive heating which suppresses these effects.</p>
<p><small>DOI: 10.1063/5.0298033</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Study URL:</strong> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0298033" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0298033</a></small></p>]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study on evaluation of effects of electromagnetic radiation on pollen viability in some commonly occurring plant species following different staining methods.</title>
      <link>https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=6641</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=6641</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <category>effect:harm</category>
      <category>evidence:low</category>
      <category>year:2026</category>
      <category>study_type:other</category>
      <description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Effect:</strong> Harm &nbsp; <strong>Evidence:</strong> Low</p>
<p><strong>Study type:</strong> other</p>
<p><small>Protoplasma · 2026 · PubMed</small></p>
<p>Pollen samples were collected from four sites with EMR power densities of 1, 2.8, 5.5, and 15 μW/cm and evaluated for viability using four staining methods. The abstract reports an association between increased EMR power density and reduced pollen viability across sites, interpreted as harmful effects of EMR on plant reproduction; staining method influenced measured viability (AO generally highest viability; TTC often yielded minimum viability).</p>
<p><small>DOI: 10.1007/s00709-025-02093-7 · PMID: 40796980</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Study URL:</strong> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40796980/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40796980/</a></small></p>]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Numerical analysis of low-frequency electromagnetic field effects from three-phase transformer on coronary stents and cardiac tissues.</title>
      <link>https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=6640</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=6640</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <category>effect:no_effect</category>
      <category>evidence:low</category>
      <category>year:2026</category>
      <category>study_type:engineering</category>
      <description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Effect:</strong> No effect &nbsp; <strong>Evidence:</strong> Low</p>
<p><strong>Study type:</strong> engineering</p>
<p><small>PloS one · 2026 · PubMed</small></p>
<p>Using field-circuit coupling numerical simulations near a 200 kVA three-phase transformer, the maximum exposure occurred for a simulated patient directly beneath the transformer. Cardiac-tissue Bmax and Emax were reported to be below ICNIRP public exposure limits; at the same position, stent Bmax was 1.245 μT and stent Emax was 5.086×10^-4 mV/m, with maximum stent Ampere force density (Y-axis) 3.714×10^-6 N/m^3. The authors conclude minimal interference on the magnesium alloy stent and cardiac tissues under the simulated conditions.</p>
<p><small>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0340031 · PMID: 41615988</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Study URL:</strong> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41615988/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41615988/</a></small></p>]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Electromagnetic radiation exposure from electric vehicles.</title>
      <link>https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=6639</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=6639</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <category>effect:unknown</category>
      <category>evidence:unknown</category>
      <category>year:2026</category>
      <description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Effect:</strong> Unknown &nbsp; <strong>Evidence:</strong> Unknown</p>
<p><small>QJM : monthly journal of the Association of Physicians · 2026 · PubMed</small></p>
<p><small>DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcag043 · PMID: 41678662</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Study URL:</strong> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41678662/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41678662/</a></small></p>]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Synthesis, biological evaluation, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, and ADME studies of novel carbazole-aniline hybrids as cytotoxic agents.</title>
      <link>https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=6638</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=6638</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <category>effect:benefit</category>
      <category>evidence:low</category>
      <category>year:2026</category>
      <category>study_type:in_vitro</category>
      <description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Effect:</strong> Benefit &nbsp; <strong>Evidence:</strong> Low</p>
<p><strong>Study type:</strong> in_vitro</p>
<p><small>BMC chemistry · 2026 · PubMed</small></p>
<p>Seven carbazole-aniline hybrids (5a–5g) were synthesized and evaluated for cytotoxicity; compound 5e showed the strongest activity with IC50 26.4 ± 2.54 µM (MCF-7) and 34.5 ± 1.69 µM (SW480), with MCF-7 activity comparable to erlotinib (IC50 39.3 µM). Docking indicated 5e binds the EGFR active site (binding energy −8.6 kcal/mol) with hydrogen bonds to Asp831 and Thr766, and molecular dynamics suggested a stable 5e–EGFR complex; ADME predictions were favorable for all compounds and consistent with Lipinski’s Rule of Five.</p>
<p><small>DOI: 10.1186/s13065-026-01744-x · PMID: 41691293</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Study URL:</strong> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41691293/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41691293/</a></small></p>]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Two pathogenetic intronic variants in SPG4/SPAST and expansion of the clinical presentation.</title>
      <link>https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=6636</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=6636</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <category>effect:unclear</category>
      <category>evidence:very_low</category>
      <category>year:2026</category>
      <category>study_type:other</category>
      <description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Effect:</strong> Unclear &nbsp; <strong>Evidence:</strong> Very low</p>
<p><strong>Study type:</strong> other</p>
<p><small>Gene · 2026 · PubMed</small></p>
<p>Functional characterization indicated that the two intronic SPAST variants impact splicing. In both families, the variants co-segregated with HSP and symptoms consistent with anorexia nervosa, suggesting a potential association between SPAST pathogenic variants and disordered eating behaviors.</p>
<p><small>DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2026.150053 · PMID: 41692186</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Study URL:</strong> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41692186/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41692186/</a></small></p>]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Risk factors for suboptimal target attainment of commonly used ß-lactam antibiotics in older adults: a prospective cohort study.</title>
      <link>https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=6634</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=6634</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <category>effect:unclear</category>
      <category>evidence:insufficient</category>
      <category>year:2026</category>
      <category>study_type:cohort</category>
      <description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Effect:</strong> Unclear &nbsp; <strong>Evidence:</strong> Insufficient</p>
<p><strong>Study type:</strong> cohort</p>
<p><small>The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2026 · PubMed</small></p>
<p>Among 74 geriatric inpatients (median age 87 years), the 100% fT&gt;MIC PK/PD target was achieved in 15/35 patients receiving amoxicillin-clavulanate and 33/39 receiving piperacillin-tazobactam. Comorbidity burden (CIRS-G) and estimated glomerular filtration rate were associated with target non-attainment (model explained 23.8%; P&lt;0.05), with an eGFR threshold of 67 mL/min/1.73m2 linked to increased risk. Toxicity thresholds were not exceeded.</p>
<p><small>DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkag048 · PMID: 41692875</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Study URL:</strong> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41692875/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41692875/</a></small></p>]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sociodemographic, lifestyle, and dietary characteristics among artificially sweetened beverages consumers in Korea.</title>
      <link>https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=6633</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=6633</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <category>effect:unclear</category>
      <category>evidence:low</category>
      <category>year:2026</category>
      <category>study_type:cross_sectional</category>
      <description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Effect:</strong> Unclear &nbsp; <strong>Evidence:</strong> Low</p>
<p><strong>Study type:</strong> cross_sectional</p>
<p><small>Nutrition research and practice · 2026 · PubMed</small></p>
<p>Among 320 adult ASB consumers, median intake was 372.8 g/day; mean daily ASB consumption was 432.5 g (SD 283.2) in men and 361.4 g (SD 265.4) in women. Higher ASB consumption was associated with younger age, higher proportion of men, higher BMI, greater proportion attempting to lose/maintain weight, higher energy intake, lower fruit consumption frequency, and higher dinner consumption frequency.</p>
<p><small>DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2026.20.1.156 · PMID: 41694469</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Study URL:</strong> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41694469/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41694469/</a></small></p>]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Priapism as an Initial Presentation of Sickle Cell Disease: A Case Report.</title>
      <link>https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=6631</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=6631</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <category>effect:unclear</category>
      <category>evidence:very_low</category>
      <category>year:2026</category>
      <category>study_type:case_report</category>
      <description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Effect:</strong> Unclear &nbsp; <strong>Evidence:</strong> Very low</p>
<p><strong>Study type:</strong> case_report</p>
<p><small>Cureus · 2026 · PubMed</small></p>
<p>A 21-year-old man presented with a 4-day painful priapism and was subsequently diagnosed with sickle cell disease by laboratory testing and hemoglobin electrophoresis. Initial aspiration and phenylephrine injection failed, requiring distal cavernosal shunt surgery; priapism recurred four days later and resolved after red blood cell exchange transfusion.</p>
<p><small>DOI: 10.7759/cureus.101553 · PMID: 41694912</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Study URL:</strong> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41694912/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41694912/</a></small></p>]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Complete mitochondrial genome of marine wood borer E. P. Wright, 1866 (Bivalvia: Teredinidae) from Beihai, Guangxi, China.</title>
      <link>https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=6629</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=6629</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <category>effect:unclear</category>
      <category>evidence:insufficient</category>
      <category>year:2026</category>
      <category>study_type:other</category>
      <description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Effect:</strong> Unclear &nbsp; <strong>Evidence:</strong> Insufficient</p>
<p><strong>Study type:</strong> other</p>
<p><small>Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources · 2026 · PubMed</small></p>
<p>The study reports the first complete mitochondrial genome for a marine wood borer specimen from Beihai, China (17,158 bp; 12 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNAs, 2 rRNAs) and provides nucleotide composition. Phylogenetic analysis indicates the Beihai specimen clusters with conspecifics from Hainan, China, and is distinct from the Philippine population.</p>
<p><small>DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2026.2622812 · PMID: 41696603</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Study URL:</strong> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41696603/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41696603/</a></small></p>]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effect of high-frequency radiofrequency (6 GHz) electromagnetic radiation on oxidative stress and kidney morphology</title>
      <link>https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=6655</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=6655</guid>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <category>effect:harm</category>
      <category>evidence:low</category>
      <category>year:2026</category>
      <category>study_type:animal</category>
      <description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Effect:</strong> Harm &nbsp; <strong>Evidence:</strong> Low</p>
<p><strong>Study type:</strong> animal</p>
<p><small>Toxicol Ind Health · 2026 · Manual</small></p>
<p>Compared with control and sham, the RF-EMR exposed group had lower plasma GSH, CAT, SOD, and MDA levels (p &lt; .001), while cortisol did not differ. The authors also report that kidney tissue histological characteristics were affected in the RF-EMR exposed group.</p>
<p><small>DOI: 10.1177/07482337261422845 · PMID: 41701901</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Study URL:</strong> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41701901/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41701901/</a></small></p>]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mobile phone MIMO antenna array miniaturization-based low SAR research in the combined EMF.</title>
      <link>https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=5911</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=5911</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <category>effect:mixed</category>
      <category>evidence:low</category>
      <category>year:2026</category>
      <category>study_type:engineering</category>
      <description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Effect:</strong> Mixed &nbsp; <strong>Evidence:</strong> Low</p>
<p><strong>Study type:</strong> engineering</p>
<p><small>PloS one · 2026 · PubMed</small></p>
<p>Using simulated multi-pose human models with a miniaturized mobile phone MIMO antenna array as the source, the study analyzed SAR under single-frequency and combined (4G+5G) exposure scenarios. Peak SAR in various tissues under multi-frequency exposure was reported as 1.02 to 15.85 times higher than under single-frequency exposure, and the miniaturized MIMO antenna array was reported to significantly reduce SAR absorbed by users.</p>
<p><small>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0340681 · PMID: 41533703</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Study URL:</strong> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41533703/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41533703/</a></small></p>]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effect of anthropogenic electromagnetic fields used for subsurface oil and gas exploration (controlled-source electromagnetics, CSEM) on the fertilization success and embryonic development of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua).</title>
      <link>https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=5866</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=5866</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <category>effect:mixed</category>
      <category>evidence:low</category>
      <category>year:2026</category>
      <category>study_type:animal</category>
      <description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Effect:</strong> Mixed &nbsp; <strong>Evidence:</strong> Low</p>
<p><strong>Study type:</strong> animal</p>
<p><small>Marine environmental research · 2026 · PubMed</small></p>
<p>In laboratory-replicated CSEM-equivalent EMFs, 15-min single exposures of male cod or fertilized eggs showed no effects on size, morphology, or cardiac function during development. Sperm velocities increased slightly post-exposure (0.5% curvilinear path; 0.6% average path length), described as likely functionally negligible.</p>
<p><small>DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2025.107811 · PMID: 41468801</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Study URL:</strong> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41468801/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41468801/</a></small></p>]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effects of electromagnetic fields from an alternating current power cable on the embryogenesis of three benthic associated marine species.</title>
      <link>https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=4338</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=4338</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <category>effect:mixed</category>
      <category>evidence:low</category>
      <category>year:2026</category>
      <category>study_type:animal</category>
      <description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Effect:</strong> Mixed &nbsp; <strong>Evidence:</strong> Low</p>
<p><strong>Study type:</strong> animal</p>
<p><small>Marine environmental research · 2026 · PubMed</small></p>
<p>Embryos were exposed to realistic EMF levels recreated in the laboratory (magnetic field 4–6 μT) using an AC power cable set-up. Subtle responses were observed in Scyliorhinus canicula and Loligo vulgaris (faster growth rates and morphometric differences), while no responses were reported in Sepia officinalis.</p>
<p><small>DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2025.107727 · PMID: 41297328</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Study URL:</strong> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41297328/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41297328/</a></small></p>]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effects of electromagnetic fields on flatfish activity levels.</title>
      <link>https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=4337</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=4337</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <category>effect:mixed</category>
      <category>evidence:low</category>
      <category>year:2026</category>
      <category>study_type:randomized_trial</category>
      <description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Effect:</strong> Mixed &nbsp; <strong>Evidence:</strong> Low</p>
<p><strong>Study type:</strong> randomized_trial</p>
<p><small>Marine pollution bulletin · 2026 · PubMed</small></p>
<p>No evidence of attraction or avoidance to EMF was found. Continuous EMF exposure removed normal diurnal activity rhythms in flounder, causing sustained activity throughout the trial. EMF-exposed fish were more likely to transit at sunset compared to controls.</p>
<p><small>DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118652 · PMID: 40914098</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Study URL:</strong> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40914098/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40914098/</a></small></p>]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dose-dependent impact of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) on the neuroplasticity in the hippocampus of adult rats.</title>
      <link>https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=4335</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=4335</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <category>effect:mixed</category>
      <category>evidence:low</category>
      <category>year:2026</category>
      <category>study_type:animal</category>
      <description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Effect:</strong> Mixed &nbsp; <strong>Evidence:</strong> Low</p>
<p><strong>Study type:</strong> animal</p>
<p><small>Neuroscience letters · 2026 · PubMed</small></p>
<p>Adult rats exposed to 50 Hz ELF-EMF showed modulation of hippocampal mRNA expression for neural/synaptic and survival-related genes, with effects depending on field intensity and number of exposure cycles. Low-intensity exposure (1 mT) increased pro-neuroplastic factor expression, while high-intensity exposure (7 mT) decreased them.</p>
<p><small>DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2026.138520 · PMID: 41544927</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Study URL:</strong> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41544927/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41544927/</a></small></p>]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The International Collaborative Animal Study of The Carcinogenicity and Genotoxicity of Mobile Phone Radiofrequency Radiation: The Korean Study.</title>
      <link>https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=4334</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=4334</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <category>effect:no_effect</category>
      <category>evidence:moderate</category>
      <category>year:2026</category>
      <category>study_type:animal</category>
      <description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Effect:</strong> No effect &nbsp; <strong>Evidence:</strong> Moderate</p>
<p><strong>Study type:</strong> animal</p>
<p><small>Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2026 · PubMed</small></p>
<p>No statistically significant changes in tumor incidence or survival rates were observed. No significant RF-related effects were detected in heart, brain, or adrenal glands. No changes in body temperature. Genotoxicity tests showed no evidence of DNA damage or mutation.</p>
<p><small>DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfag001 · PMID: 41546387</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Study URL:</strong> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41546387/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41546387/</a></small></p>]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Problematic smartphone use and disengagement in first-year college students: A daily diary study of between- and within-person differences.</title>
      <link>https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=4333</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=4333</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <category>effect:harm</category>
      <category>evidence:moderate</category>
      <category>year:2026</category>
      <category>study_type:cohort</category>
      <description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Effect:</strong> Harm &nbsp; <strong>Evidence:</strong> Moderate</p>
<p><strong>Study type:</strong> cohort</p>
<p><small>Addictive behaviors · 2026 · PubMed</small></p>
<p>Across 30 daily surveys, dynamic structural equation modeling found bidirectional lagged associations: higher-than-usual PSU on a given day predicted higher-than-usual disengagement the next day, and higher-than-usual disengagement predicted higher-than-usual PSU the next day. Between persons, students with higher PSU than peers reported greater disengagement; family socioeconomic status and gender did not significantly influence the model.</p>
<p><small>DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2026.108625 · PMID: 41633115</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Study URL:</strong> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41633115/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41633115/</a></small></p>]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Reciprocal associations between smartphone overdependence and anxiety in adolescents: evidence from a nationally representative survey in the Republic of Korea.</title>
      <link>https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=4331</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=4331</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <category>effect:mixed</category>
      <category>evidence:moderate</category>
      <category>year:2026</category>
      <category>study_type:cross_sectional</category>
      <description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Effect:</strong> Mixed &nbsp; <strong>Evidence:</strong> Moderate</p>
<p><strong>Study type:</strong> cross_sectional</p>
<p><small>Osong public health and research perspectives · 2026 · PubMed</small></p>
<p>Among adolescents, 3.3% were at high risk for smartphone overdependence and 12.6% had moderate to severe anxiety. High risk of smartphone overdependence was associated with higher odds of anxiety, and severe anxiety was associated with higher odds of smartphone overdependence. Stress, loneliness, and smartphone use time were also significant predictors.</p>
<p><small>DOI: 10.24171/j.phrp.2025.0510 · PMID: 41664242</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Study URL:</strong> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41664242/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41664242/</a></small></p>]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Prediction of smartphone overdependence and analysis of its influencing factors among older adults based on machine learning.</title>
      <link>https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=4330</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=4330</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <category>effect:unclear</category>
      <category>evidence:low</category>
      <category>year:2026</category>
      <category>study_type:cross_sectional</category>
      <description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Effect:</strong> Unclear &nbsp; <strong>Evidence:</strong> Low</p>
<p><strong>Study type:</strong> cross_sectional</p>
<p><small>Frontiers in psychology · 2026 · PubMed</small></p>
<p>The XGBoost machine learning classifier predicted smartphone overdependence among older adults with high accuracy (0.925). Key influencing factors included demographic characteristics, time spent on smartphone use, awareness of overdependence, and content used on smartphones.</p>
<p><small>DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1704618 · PMID: 41675404</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Study URL:</strong> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41675404/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41675404/</a></small></p>]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The influence of smartphone addiction on sleep quality among college students: The parallel mediating roles of perceived stress and health-promoting lifestyle.</title>
      <link>https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=4329</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=4329</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <category>effect:harm</category>
      <category>evidence:moderate</category>
      <category>year:2026</category>
      <category>study_type:cross_sectional</category>
      <description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Effect:</strong> Harm &nbsp; <strong>Evidence:</strong> Moderate</p>
<p><strong>Study type:</strong> cross_sectional</p>
<p><small>PloS one · 2026 · PubMed</small></p>
<p>Smartphone addiction was positively correlated with poor sleep quality among college students. Perceived stress and health-promoting lifestyle partially mediated this relationship, accounting for 47.51% and 14.83% of the total effect, respectively.</p>
<p><small>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0340852 · PMID: 41678505</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Study URL:</strong> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41678505/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41678505/</a></small></p>]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effects of Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Field Exposure (50 Hz, 200 µT) on Cell Viability, DNA Damage and Micronucleus Formation of Human Skin Cells.</title>
      <link>https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=4328</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=4328</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <category>effect:no_effect</category>
      <category>evidence:moderate</category>
      <category>year:2026</category>
      <category>study_type:in_vitro</category>
      <description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Effect:</strong> No effect &nbsp; <strong>Evidence:</strong> Moderate</p>
<p><strong>Study type:</strong> in_vitro</p>
<p><small>Bioelectromagnetics · 2026 · PubMed</small></p>
<p>Exposure to 50 Hz ELF magnetic fields at 200 µT for 2 or 24 hours showed no significant effects on cell viability, DNA integrity, or chromosomal distribution in human skin cells.</p>
<p><small>DOI: 10.1002/bem.70046 · PMID: 41645647</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Study URL:</strong> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41645647/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41645647/</a></small></p>]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Efficacy of nonablative radiofrequency on sexual function in postmenopausal women: a randomized clinical trial.</title>
      <link>https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=4327</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=4327</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <category>effect:benefit</category>
      <category>evidence:moderate</category>
      <category>year:2026</category>
      <category>study_type:randomized_trial</category>
      <description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Effect:</strong> Benefit &nbsp; <strong>Evidence:</strong> Moderate</p>
<p><strong>Study type:</strong> randomized_trial</p>
<p><small>Menopause (New York, N.Y.) · 2026 · PubMed</small></p>
<p>The radiofrequency treatment group showed significantly greater improvements in sexual function and vaginal health compared to the sham group at post-treatment and 12-week follow-up, with moderate to large effect sizes. No significant changes were observed in estrogenic status and no adverse events were reported.</p>
<p><small>DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000002743 · PMID: 41665605</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Study URL:</strong> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41665605/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41665605/</a></small></p>]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The promising regenerative potential of pulsed electromagnetic fields toward tendon differentiation : a hamstring tendon explant culture study.</title>
      <link>https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=4326</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=4326</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <category>effect:benefit</category>
      <category>evidence:low</category>
      <category>year:2026</category>
      <category>study_type:in_vitro</category>
      <description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Effect:</strong> Benefit &nbsp; <strong>Evidence:</strong> Low</p>
<p><strong>Study type:</strong> in_vitro</p>
<p><small>Bone &amp; joint research · 2026 · PubMed</small></p>
<p>PEMF exposure increased expression of tendon-related and tenogenic differentiation markers in hamstring tendon explants, indicating enhanced tendon differentiation.</p>
<p><small>DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.152.bjr-2024-0550.r2 · PMID: 41672095</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Study URL:</strong> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41672095/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41672095/</a></small></p>]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Extremely Low Frequency Radiation Enhances Soybean Chlorophyll Index and Nutrient Use Efficiency Under Suboptimal Conditions.</title>
      <link>https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=4324</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=4324</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <category>effect:benefit</category>
      <category>evidence:moderate</category>
      <category>year:2026</category>
      <category>study_type:randomized_trial</category>
      <description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Effect:</strong> Benefit &nbsp; <strong>Evidence:</strong> Moderate</p>
<p><strong>Study type:</strong> randomized_trial</p>
<p><small>Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026 · PubMed</small></p>
<p>ELF treatment significantly enhanced chlorophyll index, especially with treatment TB, suggesting improved nutrient assimilation and physiological performance under nutrient-limited conditions.</p>
<p><small>DOI: 10.3390/plants15030495 · PMID: 41681659</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Study URL:</strong> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41681659/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41681659/</a></small></p>]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Nonthermal radiofrequency radiation promotes hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells function by regulating Ca2+ efflux</title>
      <link>https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=6649</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=6649</guid>
      <pubDate>Sat, 14 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <category>effect:benefit</category>
      <category>evidence:low</category>
      <category>year:2026</category>
      <category>study_type:animal</category>
      <description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Effect:</strong> Benefit &nbsp; <strong>Evidence:</strong> Low</p>
<p><strong>Study type:</strong> animal</p>
<p><small>Stem Cell Res Ther · 2026 · Manual</small></p>
<p>Non-thermal 2856 MHz radiofrequency radiation (RFR) increased HSPCs colony formation and hematopoietic reconstitution capacity in mouse models without disrupting multilineage differentiation homeostasis. RFR preconditioning accelerated hematopoietic recovery after ionizing radiation and increased radioprotection unit frequency. Mechanistically, RFR increased plasma membrane fluidity, potentiated PMCA activity, increased Ca2+ efflux and reduced intracellular Ca2+, and maintained HSPCs in a low metabolic state; PMCA inhibition abolished these effects.</p>
<p><small>DOI: 10.1186/s13287-026-04937-2 · PMID: 41689083</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Study URL:</strong> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41689083/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41689083/</a></small></p>]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evening smartphone exposure impairs sleep quality and next-day performance in elite soccer players: a randomized controlled trial.</title>
      <link>https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=4322</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=4322</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <category>effect:harm</category>
      <category>evidence:moderate</category>
      <category>year:2026</category>
      <category>study_type:randomized_trial</category>
      <description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Effect:</strong> Harm &nbsp; <strong>Evidence:</strong> Moderate</p>
<p><strong>Study type:</strong> randomized_trial</p>
<p><small>Biology of sport · 2026 · PubMed</small></p>
<p>Pre-bedtime smartphone use for five consecutive nights significantly impaired sleep quality by increasing sleepiness, reducing total sleep time, increasing sleep onset latency, and lowering sleep efficiency. Cognitive and physical performance deteriorated, especially in afternoon sessions, with slower reaction times, decreased jumping ability, and reduced reactive agility.</p>
<p><small>DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2026.152348 · PMID: 41668954</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Study URL:</strong> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41668954/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41668954/</a></small></p>]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effect of dual RF-EMF and pulsed magnetic field exposure on eNOS expression and histological integrity in male rat reproductive tissues.</title>
      <link>https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=4321</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=4321</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <category>effect:mixed</category>
      <category>evidence:moderate</category>
      <category>year:2026</category>
      <category>study_type:animal</category>
      <description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Effect:</strong> Mixed &nbsp; <strong>Evidence:</strong> Moderate</p>
<p><strong>Study type:</strong> animal</p>
<p><small>Journal of molecular histology · 2026 · PubMed</small></p>
<p>Dual RF-EMF and pulsed magnetic field exposure increased eNOS mRNA expression especially with long-term and higher-frequency exposure, with minimal changes in VEGF. TNF-α decreased short-term in penile tissue but mildly increased long-term in testicular tissue. Histology showed preserved tissue architecture with hyperemia in penile tissue and no apoptosis. Testicular tissue showed moderate sperm reduction after one month high-frequency exposure without necrosis or apoptosis. Overall, tissue integrity was maintained with mild inflammatory response under prolonged exposure.</p>
<p><small>DOI: 10.1007/s10735-026-10720-7 · PMID: 41604021</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Study URL:</strong> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41604021/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41604021/</a></small></p>]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Neuromodulation With Electromagnetic Field Stimulation via Gamma Oscillations Improved Mini-Mental State Examination Scores in Patients With Cognitive Impairment.</title>
      <link>https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=4320</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=4320</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <category>effect:unclear</category>
      <category>evidence:low</category>
      <category>year:2026</category>
      <category>study_type:randomized_trial</category>
      <description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Effect:</strong> Unclear &nbsp; <strong>Evidence:</strong> Low</p>
<p><strong>Study type:</strong> randomized_trial</p>
<p><small>Cureus · 2026 · PubMed</small></p>
<p>Neuromodulation via EMF stimulation at 70-100 Hz led to improvement in EMF waves and showed a non-statistically significant trend toward improved MMSE scores in patients with cognitive impairment.</p>
<p><small>DOI: 10.7759/cureus.101122 · PMID: 41664763</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Study URL:</strong> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41664763/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41664763/</a></small></p>]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EMF-induced mesenchymal stem cell migration is mediated by SOCE-dependent calcium influx and modulated by ROCK signaling.</title>
      <link>https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=4319</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=4319</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <category>effect:benefit</category>
      <category>evidence:moderate</category>
      <category>year:2026</category>
      <category>study_type:in_vitro</category>
      <description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Effect:</strong> Benefit &nbsp; <strong>Evidence:</strong> Moderate</p>
<p><strong>Study type:</strong> in_vitro</p>
<p><small>Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes · 2026 · PubMed</small></p>
<p>Exposure to a 50 Hz, 5 mT sinusoidal EMF significantly enhanced migration of rat mesenchymal stem cells via SOCE-dependent calcium influx. EMF upregulated the SOCE channel Orai1 and modulated ROCK1/2 expression in a calcium-dependent manner. Inhibition of SOCE abolished the pro-migratory effect and attenuated cytoskeletal reorganization, indicating SOCE-mediated calcium influx is critical for EMF-induced MSC migration involving ROCK pathway modulation.</p>
<p><small>DOI: 10.1007/s10863-026-10085-2 · PMID: 41670876</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Study URL:</strong> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41670876/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41670876/</a></small></p>]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effect of mobile phone addiction on sleep quality in patients aged 18-45 years with acute myocardial infarction: a chain mediation analysis of coping style, anxiety, and depression.</title>
      <link>https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=4318</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=4318</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <category>effect:harm</category>
      <category>evidence:low</category>
      <category>year:2026</category>
      <category>study_type:cross_sectional</category>
      <description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Effect:</strong> Harm &nbsp; <strong>Evidence:</strong> Low</p>
<p><strong>Study type:</strong> cross_sectional</p>
<p><small>Scientific reports · 2026 · PubMed</small></p>
<p>Mobile phone addiction is positively associated with poor sleep quality in young patients with acute myocardial infarction, potentially mediated by coping styles and symptoms of anxiety and depression.</p>
<p><small>DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-31731-6 · PMID: 41680215</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Study URL:</strong> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41680215/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41680215/</a></small></p>]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Inhibition of mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase by spinning oscillating magnetic fields causes toxicity in cancer cells</title>
      <link>https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=2473</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=2473</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <category>effect:mixed</category>
      <category>evidence:low</category>
      <category>year:2026</category>
      <category>study_type:in_vitro</category>
      <description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Effect:</strong> Mixed &nbsp; <strong>Evidence:</strong> Low</p>
<p><strong>Study type:</strong> in_vitro</p>
<p><small>FEBS Letters · 2026 · Manual</small></p>
<p>Exposure to a spinning oscillating magnetic field (sOMF) from a noninvasive Oncomagnetic device caused selective cytotoxicity in glioma cancer cells. The reported immediate intracellular target was mitochondrial complex I with persistent inhibition via a ROS-dependent mechanism, associated with oxidative stress, DNA damage, G1 arrest, and caspase-dependent apoptosis. The abstract reports no similar toxic effects in normal human astrocytes/astroglial cells.</p>
<p><small>DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.70271 · PMID: 41510612</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Study URL:</strong> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41510612/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41510612/</a></small></p>]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biological responses to 30 mT static magnetic field in young and 36-month-old rats</title>
      <link>https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=2472</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=2472</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <category>effect:mixed</category>
      <category>evidence:low</category>
      <category>year:2026</category>
      <category>study_type:animal</category>
      <description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Effect:</strong> Mixed &nbsp; <strong>Evidence:</strong> Low</p>
<p><strong>Study type:</strong> animal</p>
<p><small>Electromagn Biol Med · 2026 · Manual</small></p>
<p>Subchronic exposure to a 30 mT static magnetic field for 10 weeks decreased lymphocyte counts and increased NLR in both young and 36-month-old rats; PLR increased only in young rats. In 36-month-old rats, SMF exposure significantly lowered platelet counts, and SMF increased tibial and splenic cellularity in both age groups with age-dependent opposite impacts on lymphocyte and erythrocyte proportions.</p>
<p><small>DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2026.2617536 · PMID: 41550064</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Study URL:</strong> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41550064/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41550064/</a></small></p>]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ameliorative Role of Coenzyme Q10 in RF Radiation-Associated Testicular and Oxidative Impairments in a 3.5-GHz Exposure Model</title>
      <link>https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=2452</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=2452</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <category>effect:harm</category>
      <category>evidence:low</category>
      <category>year:2026</category>
      <category>study_type:animal</category>
      <description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Effect:</strong> Harm &nbsp; <strong>Evidence:</strong> Low</p>
<p><strong>Study type:</strong> animal</p>
<p><small>Bioelectromagnetics · 2026 · Manual</small></p>
<p>In male Wistar rats, GSM-modulated 3.5 GHz RF exposure (2 h/day for 30 days; simulated whole-body SAR 0.16995 W/kg; testis SAR 0.02669 W/kg) was associated with reduced testosterone, LH, and FSH, increased oxidative stress markers (increased MDA and TOS), and degenerative testicular histology. Coenzyme Q10 (10 mg/kg/day intraperitoneal) partially reversed some changes, including restoring testosterone and TAS levels and reducing testicular tissue damage.</p>
<p><small>DOI: 10.1002/bem.70043 · PMID: 41578890</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Study URL:</strong> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41578890/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41578890/</a></small></p>]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity under 28 GHz 5G-band electromagnetic radiation in rats: Insights into the mitigative role of vitamin C</title>
      <link>https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=2447</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://rfsafe.org/mel/paper.php?id=2447</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <category>effect:harm</category>
      <category>evidence:low</category>
      <category>year:2026</category>
      <category>study_type:animal</category>
      <description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Effect:</strong> Harm &nbsp; <strong>Evidence:</strong> Low</p>
<p><strong>Study type:</strong> animal</p>
<p><small>Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · 2026 · Manual</small></p>
<p>In a rat model of doxorubicin (DOX) cardiotoxicity, co-exposure to 28-GHz electromagnetic radiation was reported to amplify some injury-related endpoints, including greater reductions in catalase (CAT), increased pro-apoptotic BAX expression, and QT interval prolongation compared with DOX alone. Vitamin C administration provided partial protection across measured endpoints in this co-exposure model.</p>
<p><small>DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2025.117703 · PMID: 41478317</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Study URL:</strong> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41478317/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41478317/</a></small></p>]]></description>
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