Study type: other

2012 · Manual

Amplitude-modulated electromagnetic fields (AM-EMF) exposure reduced growth rate of tumor cells from tissue-specific origins without affecting normal cells, with effects dependent on field strength and exposure time. Clinical reports indicated disease stabilization and partial responses in cancer patients treated with specific AM-EMF frequencies. The study suggests a biological mechanism involving gene expression changes and mitotic spindle dysfunction.

Study URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/bjc2011576

Study type: animal

Applied biochemistry and biotechnology · 2012 · PubMed

Compared with sham exposure, the exposed rats had a significant decrease in pineal melatonin (P<0.05) and significant increases in whole-brain creatine kinase, caspase 3, and calcium ion concentration (P<0.05).

DOI: 10.1007/s12010-011-9433-6 · PMID: 22134878

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22134878/

Study type: in_vitro

The Journal of microwave power and electromagnetic energy : a publication of the International Microwave Power Institute · 2012 · PubMed

Aqueous electrolyte solutions (NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, NaBF4, NaBr) in ultrapure water were heated almost entirely by the microwave magnetic field (H-field) under the studied conditions. At higher electrolyte concentrations (0.125 M to 0.50 M), heating rates under H-field irradiation exceeded those under electric-field (E-field) irradiation; behavior in ethylene glycol containing an electrolyte differed from that in water.

DOI: 10.1080/08327823.2012.11689838 · PMID: 24432589

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24432589/

Study type: animal

Electromagnetic biology and medicine · 2012 · PubMed

Compared with controls, oxidative stress markers differed in the 30-min and 60-min exposure groups: SOD and GSH-Px decreased and MDA increased (P<0.05). Noradrenaline and dopamine differed in the 10-min and 60-min groups, with increases in the 10-min group and decreases in the 60-min group.

DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2011.624652 · PMID: 22268709

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22268709/

Study type: animal

Electromagnetic biology and medicine · 2012 · PubMed

Exposure to GSM 900 MHz cell phone radiation (maximum incident intensity 0.2 μW/cm2 at egg surface) was associated with increased numbers of differentiated somites in 38-hour exposed embryos (p<0.001) and increased total embryo survival after 14 days exposure (p<0.05). TBA-reactive substances were higher in brains and livers of hatchlings from exposed embryos (p<0.05–0.001).

DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2011.624656 · PMID: 22268787

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22268787/

Study type: animal

Cell biochemistry and biophysics · 2012 · PubMed

Developing rat brains exposed to 9.9 GHz microwave radiation (square wave modulated at 1 kHz) showed significant increases in calcium ion efflux and ODC activity, and a significant decrease in PKC activity compared with controls.

DOI: 10.1007/s12013-012-9344-3 · PMID: 22426826

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22426826/

Study type: review

Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2012 · PubMed

The abstract states that available research evidence does not provide clear and direct support that mobile phones cause cancer, and does not support an association between RF/microwave exposure from mobile phones and direct health effects. It also cautions that lack of evidence should not be interpreted as proof of absence of cancer risk and advises caution with excessive use.

DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.1.403 · PMID: 22502711

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22502711/

Study type: other

Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology · 2012 · PubMed

Microwave-heated trickling-bed reactors showed the best fermentation results and the highest abundance of methanogenic Archaea. In reactors of identical design, microwaves were associated with higher fermentation efficiency and increased diversity of methanogenic Archaea communities; no effects of microwaves on bacterial communities were reported.

DOI: 10.1007/s10295-012-1141-x · PMID: 22614452

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22614452/

Study type: animal

Bratislavske lekarske listy · 2012 · PubMed

Rats exposed to microwave radiation had significant body mass reduction versus controls after 20, 40, and 60 days (p<0.001) and showed anxiety-related behavior after 10 days. In irradiated rats, melatonin pretreatment was associated with higher body weight versus the irradiated-only group after 20 days (p<0.05) and decreased stress-induced behavior.

DOI: 10.4149/bll_2012_062 · PMID: 22616582

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22616582/

Study type: other

Chemosphere · 2012 · PubMed

Microwave radiation greatly enhanced the activity of nanoscale copper ferrite for oxidation and produced faster degradation of crystal violet than conventional heating. The authors report an indispensable non-thermal microwave effect in the presence of copper ferrite and suggest microwave-induced holes could contribute to efficient degradation.

DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.050 · PMID: 22704206

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22704206/

Study type: animal

Electromagnetic biology and medicine · 2012 · PubMed

Male rats exposed to 16.5 GHz microwave radiation for 2 h/day over 35 days showed significant changes in brain protein kinase C activity compared with controls. Electron microscopy indicated an increase in glial cell population after exposure.

DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2012.700295 · PMID: 22897404

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22897404/

Study type: engineering

Physical review letters · 2012 · PubMed

A superconducting Josephson mixer generated spatially separated two-mode squeezed (entangled) microwave fields at different frequencies on separate transmission lines. A second mixer recombined/disentangled the fields, and the measured output noise level below the vacuum level at the second mixer input was reported as unambiguous proof of entanglement, with a demonstrated generation rate of 6 Mebit·s^-1.

DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.183901 · PMID: 23215279

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23215279/

Study type: in_vitro

The Chinese journal of physiology · 2012 · PubMed

In PMA- and LPS-stimulated THP-1 monocytes, NFκB levels increased, and exposure to microwave radiation was reported to decrease NFκB expression. The authors conclude microwave radiation inhibited activity/functions of stimulated THP-1 monocytes.

DOI: 10.4077/cjp.2011.amm067 · PMID: 23286450

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23286450/

Study type: in_vitro

Journal of cellular physiology · 2012 · PubMed

EMF exposure increased A2A and A3 adenosine receptor levels and was associated with changes in cAMP, suggesting functional receptor activity. In IL-1β-treated osteoarthritic synovial fibroblasts, EMFs inhibited release of PGE2, IL-6, and IL-8 and stimulated release of IL-10; no effects were observed on matrix degrading enzyme production.

DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22981 · PMID: 21830213

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21830213/

Study type: in_vitro

Journal of cellular physiology · 2012 · PubMed

THP-1 cells exposed to a 50 Hz, 1 mT EMF for 24 h showed reduced anti-oxidant enzyme activity and increased nitrogen intermediates involving the iNOS pathway. The study examined whether nitration of TIMP-1 could contribute to increased MMP activity in EMF-exposed cells; molecular modeling identified plausible TIMP-1 tyrosine sites (Y120 and Y38 and/or Y72) for nitration.

DOI: 10.1002/jcp.23024 · PMID: 21928345

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21928345/

Study type: cross_sectional

International journal of occupational medicine and environmental health · 2012 · PubMed

Among 500 respondents from 500 households, electric field >0.8 V/m was recorded in 12% of flats and was not significantly correlated with distance from base stations. No significant correlation was found between measured electric field strength and frequency of subjective symptoms, but symptom frequency differed by distance: headache was most frequently reported among those living 100–150 m away (p=0.013) and impaired memory was mostly reported among those living >150 m away (p=0.004).

DOI: 10.2478/s13382-012-0007-9 · PMID: 22219055

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22219055/

Study type: animal

Electromagnetic biology and medicine · 2012 · PubMed

In Balb/c mice exposed long-term to either a mobile phone (SAR 0.17–0.37 W/kg, 3 h/day for 8 months) or a wireless DECT base (SAR 0.012–0.028 W/kg, 8 h/day for 8 months), comparative proteomics found significant (p<0.05) altered expression of 143 proteins across cerebellum, hippocampus, and frontal lobe. Western blot analysis on selected proteins confirmed the proteomics findings.

DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2011.631068 · PMID: 22263702

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22263702/

Study type: exposure_assessment

Archives of environmental & occupational health · 2012 · PubMed

Across 5 laptops, measured EMF values (1.8–6 μT) were within ICNIRP guidelines but higher than values recommended by MPR II and TCO and those described as risky for tumor development. Modeled induced currents from close-contact laptop use were 34.2%–49.8% of ICNIRP recommendations for adults and fetus. The power supply was modeled to induce current densities exceeding ICNIRP 1998 basic restrictions: 182%–263% higher in the fetus and 71%–483% higher in the adult.

DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2011.564232 · PMID: 22315933

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22315933/

Study type: in_vitro

Electromagnetic biology and medicine · 2012 · PubMed

Acute T-lymphoblastoid leukemia (CCRF-CEM) cells were cultured in the presence of 900 MHz microwave EMF generated by a TEM cell at short and long exposure times, and gene expression and functional pathways influenced by exposure were evaluated.

DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2011.596251 · PMID: 22332889

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22332889/

Study type: engineering

Electromagnetic biology and medicine · 2012 · PubMed

Using FDTD simulations of incident EMF across 100–2400 MHz, the authors report that the spinal cord behaves as a frequency-dependent antenna with induced voltage and current distributions. Peak simulated voltage/current response was observed around 100 MHz (FM radio range), and the authors suggest the induced fields could potentially affect the CNS and contribute to EMF energy leakage toward the CNS with possible implications for BBB weakening.

DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2011.624653 · PMID: 22352333

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22352333/

Study type: animal

Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2012 · PubMed

NIH/3T3 cells exposed to 916 MHz continuous microwave radiation (2 h/day; 10, 50, or 90 W/m^2) showed changes in morphology and proliferation after 5–8 weeks and formed clones in soft agar after an additional 3–4 weeks depending on exposure intensity. SCID mice inoculated with exposed NIH/3T3 cells developed lumps on the back after more than 4 weeks. The authors conclude the exposure can promote neoplastic transformation of NIH/3T3 cells.

DOI: 10.1007/s10571-012-9821-7 · PMID: 22395787

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22395787/

Study type: animal

Ecotoxicology and environmental safety · 2012 · PubMed

Rats exposed to 1800 MHz EMF for 45 days showed significant differences in chromosome aberrations, micronucleus frequency, mitotic index, and PCE ratio in all treatment groups. Cytogenotoxic damage was more pronounced in immature rats, and a 15-day recovery period did not improve the damage in immature rats.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.02.028 · PMID: 22405939

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22405939/

Study type: animal

Neuroscience · 2012 · PubMed

In 3NP-treated rats, ELF-EMF exposure (60 Hz, 0.7 mT) applied for 21 days improved neurological scores and behavior measures, increased neurotrophic factor levels, and reduced oxidative damage and neuronal loss compared with 3NP-treated rats without ELF-EMF.

DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.02.034 · PMID: 22406415

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22406415/

Study type: randomized_trial

International journal of occupational medicine and environmental health · 2012 · PubMed

Mean tympanic temperature during continuous exposure was significantly higher than during sham exposure (p=0.0001). During intermittent exposure, tympanic temperature was reported lower than during sham (up to 0.11°C difference), and 2 hours after exposure tympanic temperature was significantly lower than after sham (p=0.0001); trends differed by exposure condition (p<0.05).

DOI: 10.2478/s13382-012-0013-y · PMID: 22411069

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22411069/

Study type: in_vitro

Bioelectromagnetics · 2012 · PubMed

Yeast cells exposed for 6 h to 0.4 mT 50 Hz ELF-MF showed microarray-detected candidate gene changes that could not be confirmed by RT-PCR (P>0.05). For 1800 MHz RF-EMF exposure at SAR 4.7 W/kg, only two genes (SMC3 and AQY2(m)) were confirmed as responsive, while three genes (HAL9, YAK1, YJL171C) showed opposite expression changes compared with microarray results (P<0.05); overall the RF-EMF response was limited to a very small number of genes.

DOI: 10.1002/bem.21724 · PMID: 22487891

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22487891/

Study type: animal

Experimental gerontology · 2012 · PubMed

A single 15 min 900 MHz GSM exposure (SAR=6 W/kg) did not induce astrocyte activation (GFAP) in young adult or middle-aged rats. GSM-exposed middle-aged rats showed increased IL-1β in the olfactory bulb and enhanced contextual emotional memory, while GSM-exposed young adults showed increased plasma corticosterone.

DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2012.03.015 · PMID: 22507567

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22507567/

Study type: animal

Brain research bulletin · 2012 · PubMed

Rats exposed to 2.45 GHz EMF (SAR 6 W/kg) showed differential hippocampal gene expression (23 upregulated, 18 downregulated of 2048 genes). HSP27 and HSP70 were increased in the hippocampus, with immunocytochemistry showing more intensive staining particularly in CA3 pyramidal neurons and dentate gyrus granular cells; RT-PCR and Western blot confirmed these changes.

DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2012.04.002 · PMID: 22513040

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22513040/

Study type: exposure_assessment

The Science of the total environment · 2012 · PubMed

A GIS-based exposure model (Geomorf) using a modified Gaussian formulation was calibrated with field measurements from rural (151 sites; 1510 antenna-specific measurements) and urban (50 sites; 658 antenna-specific measurements) areas, with different parameter settings needed for urban vs rural conditions. In validation against independent measurement datasets, overall model estimates were reported as good (R²=0.641 and 0.615; RMSE=10.7 and 6.7 dB m at antenna- and site-level, respectively) and performance was considerably better than two commonly used COST-231 path-loss models.

DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.03.066 · PMID: 22521103

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22521103/

Study type: animal

Archives of environmental & occupational health · 2012 · PubMed

Using a Helmholtz-coil setup to generate a 50-Hz, 1-μT EMF, no effect on rat heart electrical activity was observed during short-term exposure. The results did not confirm a possible mechanism affecting electrical activity in this rat heart model under the tested conditions.

DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2011.578680 · PMID: 22524645

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22524645/

Study type: animal

Emerging health threats journal · 2012 · PubMed

Rats exposed to a 1000 mG power-frequency magnetic field for 1 month had a mildly increased melatonin production (urinary 6-sulphatoxymelatonin), described as marginally statistically significant versus sham. No statistically significant changes in overall sleep structure were reported, though REM sleep was slightly decreased in exposed animals compared with sham.

DOI: 10.3402/ehtj.v5i0.10904 · PMID: 22529876

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22529876/

Study type: in_vitro

Bioelectromagnetics · 2012 · PubMed

Cisplatin exposure increased ROS and antioxidant enzyme activity and produced the most severe DNA damage. Adding 50 Hz/1 mT ELF-EMF exposure to cisplatin treatment decreased ROS and antioxidant enzyme activity and was associated with less DNA damage than cisplatin alone; MDA concentrations were reduced in all groups, with the greatest decrease in the combined cisplatin+ELF-EMF group. ELF-EMF alone increased DNA damage compared with control cells.

DOI: 10.1002/bem.21732 · PMID: 22535669

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22535669/

Study type: animal

Archives of medical research · 2012 · PubMed

In rats, acute EMF exposure for 2 h reduced brain catalase and superoxide dismutase activities. EMF combined with movement restraint also decreased reduced glutathione and nitric oxide; EMF exposure did not elevate plasma corticosterone.

DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2012.04.003 · PMID: 22560984

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22560984/

Study type: review

Clinical and experimental reproductive medicine · 2012 · PubMed

This review summarizes in vivo and in vitro evidence (primarily in animal systems) reporting that EMF exposure can alter cellular homeostasis, endocrine and reproductive function, and fetal development. Reported altered reproductive parameters include male germ cell death, estrous cycle changes, hormone changes, organ weight changes, reduced sperm motility, effects on early embryonic development, and pregnancy success; proposed cellular mediators include increased free radicals and intracellular Ca2+ leading to growth inhibition, protein misfolding, and DNA breaks. The review notes that effects differ by frequency/wave type, strength (energy), and duration of exposure.

DOI: 10.5653/cerm.2012.39.1.1 · PMID: 22563544

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22563544/

Study type: in_vitro

International journal of radiation biology · 2012 · PubMed

Human epidermal stem cells cultured in collagen sponge scaffolds grew steadily, and exposure to a 50 Hz, 5 mT electromagnetic field for 14 days (30 min/day) promoted ESC proliferation compared with control (P < 0.05).

DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2012.692496 · PMID: 22568519

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22568519/

Study type: animal

Physical therapy · 2012 · PubMed

Exposure to low-intensity EMFs (0.5 mT, 50 Hz) was reported to accelerate BMSC proliferation, enhance differentiation (including increased alkaline phosphatase activity), increase the G2/M+S cell-cycle fraction, and increase collagen I mRNA versus control. The EMF plus osteogenic medium group formed bone nodules more readily, and H&E staining showed clear flaking of bone tissue in the irradiated group after transplantation.

DOI: 10.2522/ptj.20110224 · PMID: 22577063

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22577063/

Study type: animal

Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN · 2012 · PubMed

In a rat model of toxin-induced white matter demyelination, 60 Hz (0.7 mT) EMF exposure reduced the extent of the demyelinated area and increased MBP staining in the lesion area on days 14 and 28 postlesion. EMF exposure also increased BrdU- and nestin-positive cells in the area between the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the lesion on days 7 and 14 postlesion.

DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9791-8 · PMID: 22588976

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22588976/

Study type: animal

Mutation research · 2012 · PubMed

In newborn rats given bleomycin (10 mg/kg BW), co-exposure to 50-Hz, 10-mT EMF increased micronucleated astrocyte frequency versus sham (19.8±5.2‰ vs 12.7±3.3‰; p<0.05). With tempol during EMF + bleomycin co-exposure, micronuclei frequency was lower than with saline (11.2±1.9‰ vs 28.0±15.0‰; p<0.01).

DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2012.05.001 · PMID: 22617403

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22617403/

Study type: cohort

PloS one · 2012 · PubMed

In longitudinal analyses, neither operator-recorded nor self-reported mobile phone use was associated with sleep disturbances or daytime sleepiness. Predicted environmental RF-EMF exposure was not associated with self-reported sleep quality, and findings were confirmed in a nested study using bedroom exposure measurements and actigraphy.

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037455 · PMID: 22624036

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22624036/

Study type: engineering

Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology · 2012 · PubMed

TiNx (TiN) films deposited using DC reactive magnetron sputtering with a superimposed EMF system showed improved electrical properties, reflectance, and crystallinity compared with the stated DCMS+EMF condition, attributed to enhanced nitrification. The lowest sheet resistance reported was 2.9 Ω/⟂ (resistivity 5.8 × 10^-5 Ω·cm) at F(N)2 = 16%, and mixed (111)/(200) phases had lower resistivity than a (200) single phase.

DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2012.4600 · PMID: 22629939

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22629939/

Study type: animal

TheScientificWorldJournal · 2012 · PubMed

Healthy and infected lime trees exposed discontinuously to a 10 kHz quadratic EMF (maximum power 9 W) for 5 days (5 h/day) showed increased fresh and dry leaf weight and increased MDA, proline, and protein compared with controls. EMF exposure decreased hydrogen peroxide and carbohydrate content in both healthy and infected plants compared with controls.

DOI: 10.1100/2012/716929 · PMID: 22649313

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22649313/

Study type: exposure_assessment

Electromagnetic biology and medicine · 2012 · PubMed

Electromagnetic radiation levels from GSM-900 base stations were measured at 80 points at Erciyes University (Turkey). No measured area exceeded national or international limits.

DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2012.683223 · PMID: 22676177

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22676177/

Study type: in_vitro

Electromagnetic biology and medicine · 2012 · PubMed

T47D cells exposed to ELF-PEMF (0.1 mT) showed a time-dependent decrease in cell growth after 72 h. Actin fluorescence/aggregation around the nucleus increased, with actin amount increased after 48 h at 100 Hz and after 24 h at 217 Hz; nuclear morphology did not change. ROS generation increased dramatically after 72 h at 217 Hz but remained nearly unchanged at 100 Hz, and symptoms of apoptosis were not observed.

DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2012.683844 · PMID: 22676212

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22676212/

Study type: review

Electromagnetic biology and medicine · 2012 · PubMed

The article proposes replacing energy-based SAR with a biologically based EMF dose metric grounded in documented EMF-associated changes in DNA biochemistry (e.g., transcriptional and/or translational changes). It argues SAR is inadequate for predicting cancer risk in the ELF power-frequency range and suggests DNA-based measures could apply across a wider range of non-ionizing frequencies.

DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2011.624662 · PMID: 22676645

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22676645/

Study type: case_control

Journal of natural science, biology, and medicine · 2012 · PubMed

In the morning (before work), mean serum cortisol did not differ significantly between controls (189.15 ± 110.70) and EMF-exposed participants (157.77 ± 112.03; P = 0.373). After work (noon), mean serum cortisol was lower in the EMF-exposed group (88.58 ± 52.83) than in controls (136.25 ± 67.91; P = 0.016), and decreased significantly from morning to noon within the exposed group (P = 0.001).

DOI: 10.4103/0976-9668.95958 · PMID: 22690053

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22690053/

Study type: review

Radiatsionnaia biologiia, radioecologiia · 2012 · PubMed

A comparative risk estimation (considering "real conditions of influence") concluded that RF EMF exposure under widespread mobile communication use is potentially more harmful for the population than ionizing radiation influence.

PMID: 22690585

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22690585/

Study type: engineering

Biomedizinische Technik. Biomedical engineering · 2012 · PubMed

In simulations of plane-wave exposure at reference EMF levels, five of six child models showed violation of the basic restrictions (SAR-based). Despite this, thermal modeling indicated heating remained within biological tolerances, with core temperature elevation <0.014°C and local peak temperature not exceeding 1°C.

DOI: 10.1515/bmt-2011-0117 · PMID: 22691427

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22691427/

Study type: animal

Polish journal of veterinary sciences · 2012 · PubMed

Exposure to high-frequency microwave EMF at 1500 MHz and modulated 1800 MHz did not change paw withdrawal latency compared with controls when EMF was applied alone. Tramadol increased paw withdrawal latency at 30 and 60 minutes after injection, but EMF exposure at both frequencies transiently suppressed tramadol’s analgesic effect, significantly reducing paw withdrawal latency at 30 minutes in tramadol-treated rats.

DOI: 10.2478/v10181-011-0119-3 · PMID: 22708363

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22708363/

Study type: animal

International journal of radiation biology · 2012 · PubMed

Eight-week simultaneous exposure to CDMA (849 MHz) and WCDMA (1.95 GHz) at 2.0 W/kg each (total SAR 4.0 W/kg) for 45 min/day did not affect the measured immune parameters in rats.

DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2012.711501 · PMID: 22788572

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22788572/

Study type: animal

Bratislavske lekarske listy · 2012 · PubMed

Rats exposed to a 50-Hz magnetic field had higher MDA levels in lung and liver tissues than controls, and zinc-supplemented exposed rats had lower MDA than exposed-only rats but higher than controls (p<0.01). GSH levels were highest in the EMF+zinc group, with exposed-only rats also higher than controls (p<0.01). Tissue zinc levels were highest in the EMF+zinc group and lowest in the EMF-only group (p<0.01).

DOI: 10.4149/bll_2012_090 · PMID: 22794512

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22794512/

Study type: in_vitro

Zhonghua lao dong wei sheng zhi ye bing za zhi = Zhonghua laodong weisheng zhiyebing zazhi = Chinese journal of industrial hygiene and occupational diseases · 2012 · PubMed

Compared with a parallel control group, exposure to a 50-Hz EMF at 0.4 mT for 15 min or 60 min significantly decreased sperm motility (a+b level) and activity ratio (a+b+c level) (P<0.01). Semen pH was not significantly changed after 15, 30, or 60 min exposure (P>0.05).

PMID: 22804883

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22804883/