Study type: systematic_review

Environ Health Perspect. · 2006 · Manual

In a systematic review of 59 controlled-exposure experimental studies of low-level radiofrequency radiation, studies funded exclusively by the telecommunications industry were least likely to report at least one statistically significant association between exposure and a health-related outcome (OR 0.11, 95% CI 0.02–0.78) compared with studies funded by public agencies/charities. This association was reported as not materially altered after adjustment for number of outcomes, study quality, and other factors.

DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9149 · PMID: 17366811

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17366811/

Study type: review

Ukr Biokhim Zh (1999) · 2006 · Manual

The paper presents data on biological and medical effects of monochromatic visible light and states that enzymes of the energetic system are primary acceptors. It describes a photoactivation mechanism involving increased activity of electron-transfer chain enzymes, including photolysis of nitrosyl enzyme complexes.

PMID: 17290778

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17290778/

Study type: meta_analysis

Int J Radiat Biol · 2006 · Manual

Meta-analysis of in vitro and short-term animal studies combining extremely low frequency magnetic fields with known carcinogens or other toxic agents found that the majority of reviewed studies were positive, suggesting interaction with other exposures. A nonlinear pattern was reported, with a minimum percentage of positive studies at 1–3 mT; publication bias was considered unlikely to explain the findings.

DOI: 10.1080/09553000600577839 · PMID: 16546898

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16546898/

Study type: animal

Mutation research · 2006 · PubMed

Male Wistar rats exposed for 35 days to low-intensity microwave radiation at 2.45 GHz (SAR 1.0 W/kg) or 16.5 GHz (SAR 2.01 W/kg) showed a statistically significant increase (p<0.001) in DNA single strand breaks in brain cells compared with controls, measured by comet assay tail length.

DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2005.12.006 · PMID: 16458332

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16458332/

Study type: other

Ear, nose, & throat journal · 2006 · PubMed

In 20 healthy men exposed to a cellular phone electromagnetic field (900–1,800 MHz) for three sessions lasting 15–30 minutes, no significant changes were observed in TEOAE or ABR measured after or during exposure. The authors conclude short-term cellular phone use does not alter the auditory system.

PMID: 16615597

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16615597/

Study type: animal

Zhonghua yu fang yi xue za zhi [Chinese journal of preventive medicine] · 2006 · PubMed

Rats exposed to 1800 MHz CW RF at 0.5 or 1.0 mW/cm^2 for 12 h/day for 21 days showed significantly lower NR2A and/or NR2B immunoreactivity in specific hippocampal regions versus sham controls. Decreases were reported for NR2A in CA3 at 0.5 mW/cm^2 and in CA1 and CA3 at 1.0 mW/cm^2, with no significant change in DG; NR2B decreased in CA1 and CA3 at 0.5 mW/cm^2 and in CA1, CA3, and DG at 1.0 mW/cm^2.

PMID: 16620593

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16620593/

Study type: other

Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids · 2006 · PubMed

In an H2O-AOT-heptane reverse micelle system, adding a 2-min microwave exposure (300 W) increased Au particle size across hydrazine concentrations (0.5–2 M). In an H2O-DODMAC-heptane reverse micelle system, a 1-min microwave pulse (150 W) applied during nucleation (first 4 h) promoted NaZnPO4·H2O over ZnPO-X, while application during growth promoted ZnPO-X; exposures did not disrupt the reverse micelle system.

DOI: 10.1021/la060047j · PMID: 16649802

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16649802/

Zhonghua lao dong wei sheng zhi ye bing za zhi = Zhonghua laodong weisheng zhiyebing zazhi = Chinese journal of industrial hygiene and occupational diseases · 2006 · PubMed

PMID: 16701043

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16701043/

Study type: in_vitro

Biophysical journal · 2006 · PubMed

An 8.5 GHz near-field microwave applicator (250 mW input power) and conventional heating both decreased GFP fluorescence intensity and produced a red-shift in the fluorescence spectrum. The authors report that the microwave-induced fluorescence changes could not be explained by heating alone.

DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.106.084111 · PMID: 16731554

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16731554/

Study type: in_vitro

Arhiv za higijenu rada i toksikologiju · 2006 · PubMed

V79 cells exposed to 864 MHz (SAR 0.08 W/kg) showed a significant decrease in growth on Day 3 after 2- and 3-hour exposures versus controls, while cells exposed to 935 MHz (SAR 0.12 W/kg) for 3 hours showed a significant increase in growth on Day 3. Colony-forming ability and viability did not significantly differ from matched controls for either frequency.

PMID: 16832969

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16832969/

Study type: animal

Zhonghua nan ke xue = National journal of andrology · 2006 · PubMed

Rats exposed to high power microwave radiation at 3–100 mW/cm2 for 5 minutes showed pathological injury to testicular spermatogenic cells, including degeneration, necrosis, shedding of spermatogenic cells, multinuclear giant cells, decreased/lost sperm, and interstitial edema. Severity increased with power density, and the teratogenic ratio of epididymal spermatozoa increased at post-exposure time windows that varied by exposure level (reported as statistically significant).

PMID: 16833183

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16833183/

Study type: engineering

Journal of environmental science and health. Part A, Toxic/hazardous substances & environmental engineering · 2006 · PubMed

Microwave irradiation produced different heating patterns in water versus sand, with sand showing larger and more spatially variable temperature changes. Under the experimental conditions, ~50% of benzene in sand volatilized after 23 minutes and ~85% was removed after 60 minutes; in a real soil test, >70% of BTEX was removed after 120 minutes of heating.

DOI: 10.1080/10934520600754110 · PMID: 16835112

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16835112/

Study type: in_vitro

Radiation research · 2006 · PubMed

Primary astroglial cultures exposed to 900 MHz radiation (3 W/kg GSM-modulated for 4, 8, 24 h; 27 W/kg continuous wave for 24 h; and GFAP assessed at 27 and 54 W/kg continuous wave for 4 or 24 h) showed no significant differences in IL6, TNFα, GFAP, total protein, or morphology versus controls. Microglial cultures exposed at 3 W/kg GSM-modulated for 8 h showed no significant differences in IL6, TNFα, ED-1, total protein, or morphology.

DOI: 10.1667/rr3584.1 · PMID: 16881742

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16881742/

Study type: in_vitro

Zhonghua lao dong wei sheng zhi ye bing za zhi = Zhonghua laodong weisheng zhiyebing zazhi = Chinese journal of industrial hygiene and occupational diseases · 2006 · PubMed

LECs exposed for 2 hours to 217 Hz modulated 1.8 GHz microwaves showed no significant increase in DNA breaks at SAR 1 or 2 W/kg at any detection time. At SAR 3 and 4 W/kg, DNA breaks differed from sham immediately and at 30 min post-exposure; the difference resolved by 60 min in the 3 W/kg group but persisted in the 4 W/kg group.

PMID: 16978512

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16978512/

Study type: in_vitro

Organic & biomolecular chemistry · 2006 · PubMed

For alcoholysis between ethyl butyrate and butanol (solvent-free), identical initial rate and conversion yield were observed under microwave radiation and classical thermal heating. In contrast, lipase inactivation kinetics in butanol differed by heating mode: the Arrhenius plot was linear under classical heating but biphasic under microwaves, indicating a temperature-dependent non-classical effect on the initial rate of enzymatic inactivation.

DOI: 10.1039/b610265d · PMID: 16990947

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16990947/

Study type: other

Physical review letters · 2006 · PubMed

Rectification of microwave radiation by an asymmetric ballistic quantum dot was studied across 1–40 GHz, temperatures, and magnetic fields. Rectification was dramatically reduced in magnetic fields where the cyclotron radius at the Fermi level was smaller than the dot size, and both symmetric and antisymmetric magnetic-field contributions were observed; the symmetric part changed significantly with microwave frequency at ωτ_f ≥ 1.

DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.97.226807 · PMID: 17155830

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17155830/

Study type: other

Journal of environmental health · 2006 · PubMed

In a consumer-type microwave oven at 100% power, wastewater-contaminated kitchen sponges/scrubbing pads showed >99% reduction in heterotrophic plate counts within 1–2 minutes, and total coliforms and E. coli were totally inactivated after 30 seconds; phage MS2 was totally inactivated within 1–2 minutes. Bacillus cereus spores were more resistant, requiring 4 minutes for complete eradication; microorganisms on plastic syringes were more resistant, with total inactivation requiring up to 10 minutes for heterotrophic plate counts and 4 minutes for total coliform/E. coli, and container material (ceramic vs glass) affected spore inactivation.

PMID: 17190338

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17190338/

Study type: animal

Photochemistry and photobiology · 2006 · PubMed

Seeds pretreated with microwave radiation for 8 seconds (2450 MHz; wavelength 125 mm; power density 1.26 mW mm(-2)) showed enhanced resistance to subsequent UV-B exposure in 10-day-old seedlings, with lower MDA and higher AsA and UV-B-absorbing compounds, increased CAT/POD/SOD activities, and increased photosynthesis energy accumulation.

DOI: 10.1562/2005-06-29-ra-595 · PMID: 16613505

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16613505/

Study type: other

Conference proceedings : ... Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual Conference · 2006 · PubMed

In experiments exposing healthy volunteers to 450 MHz microwave radiation modulated at several frequencies, statistically significant changes in EEG rhythms energy and dynamics were observed in 12% to 30% of subjects using three analysis methods (S-parameter, power spectral density, and low-variability-period length distribution).

DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2006.259234 · PMID: 17946053

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17946053/

Study type: other

Journal of environmental management · 2006 · PubMed

After 30 minutes of microwave radiation, more than 93% of Pb(II)-contaminated soil was vitrified to a glass/ceramic formation. Over a 6-year period, Pb(II) concentration in leaching tests of vitrified soil was reported as <1.0 mg/L, below the USEPA limit of 5.0 mg/L.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2004.11.020 · PMID: 16303237

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16303237/

Study type: exposure_assessment

Radiation protection dosimetry · 2006 · PubMed

Measurements at 200 sites around 47 rooftop-mounted mobile phone base stations in Malaysia found RF/microwave radiation levels well below the maximum exposure limits set by various agencies.

DOI: 10.1093/rpd/nci373 · PMID: 16357026

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16357026/

Study type: other

Medical hypotheses · 2006 · PubMed

The paper proposes a molecular-level model in which electromagnetic forces between hypothesized “nucleotide EMF boxes” contribute to separation of daughter DNA strands, splitting hydrogen bonds of parental base pairs, and unwinding the parental double helix during replication. It further hypothesizes that externally applied rectangular pulsed electrical current stimulation (RPECS) could suppress DNA separation/unwinding in bacteria but not in epithelial cells, potentially contributing to reduced bacterial infection and enhanced epithelialization/cell proliferation.

DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2005.07.007 · PMID: 16140467

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16140467/

Study type: in_vitro

Toxicology letters · 2006 · PubMed

Mono Mac 6 cells internalised ultrafine particles (12–14 nm; 100 µg/ml), and this was associated with increased free radical release (40–45% above negative control). None of the RF-EMF exposures (2 W/kg SAR; continuous wave or modulated at 217 Hz or GSM-nonDTX) affected free radical levels, and RF co-exposure did not potentiate the UFP effect. Heat treatment increased Hsp70 expression in a time-dependent manner, while UFP, RF, and UFP+RF showed no effect on Hsp70.

DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.08.005 · PMID: 16153791

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16153791/

Study type: in_vitro

Bioelectromagnetics · 2006 · PubMed

Exposure to 1 mT, 50 Hz sine waves for 24–72 h did not affect BCBL-1 cell growth or viability (with or without TPA). Without TPA, total KSHV DNA did not differ between exposed and control cultures. With TPA stimulation, total KSHV DNA was higher in exposed vs control cultures at 72 h (P = .024) but not earlier, and this increase correlated with increased gp K8.1A/B mean fluorescence intensity per cell (P < .01); viral progeny produced under exposure consisted mainly of defective particles.

DOI: 10.1002/bem.20198 · PMID: 16342195

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16342195/

Study type: in_vitro

Bioelectromagnetics · 2006 · PubMed

In vitro exposure to GSM-modulated RF fields at 1950 MHz (SAR 1 mW/g) for 8 hours produced no statistically significant effects on measured cytokine production, immune-relevant gene activity, or LAK cell cytotoxicity in samples from at least 15 donors.

DOI: 10.1002/bem.20191 · PMID: 16342197

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16342197/

Study type: in_vitro

Radiation research · 2006 · PubMed

In Mono Mac 6 cells, heat (40°C) and PMA significantly increased superoxide radical anions and ROS compared with sham/incubator controls. Across multiple 1800 MHz RF EMF signals (continuous-wave and GSM modulations) at SAR 0.5–2.0 W/kg, no significant differences in free radical production were detected versus controls, and no additional effects were seen with co-exposures (RF+PMA or RF+LPS). HSP70 expression showed no significant changes after RF EMF exposure.

DOI: 10.1667/rr3476.1 · PMID: 16392966

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16392966/

Study type: in_vitro

Radiation research · 2006 · PubMed

In several cell models, some cell types showed increased inducible HSP70 protein levels after 24 h exposure to 50 Hz, 680 microT EMFs. In endothelial cells, EMFs alone caused only poor/transient HSF1 activation and did not significantly alter HSP70 mRNA levels, HSP70 synthesis, or HSP70 promoter-driven transcription, but were associated with reduced proteasome activity and increased accumulation of inducible HSP70 protein; EMFs also increased heat-shock-induced HSP70 mRNA and protein when combined with heat shock.

DOI: 10.1667/rr3487.1 · PMID: 16392967

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16392967/

Study type: other

Neuroscience letters · 2006 · PubMed

In 19 subjects, exposure to a 900 MHz signal emitted by a dipole antenna placed near the subjects was associated with a statistically significant increase in P50 amplitude for low-frequency (500 Hz) stimuli at Fp1 and O1 compared with no exposure. For high-frequency (3000 Hz) stimuli, exposure was associated with a statistically significant decrease in P50 amplitude at Fp1 compared with no exposure.

DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.12.001 · PMID: 16406308

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16406308/

Study type: animal

The Tohoku journal of experimental medicine · 2006 · PubMed

Compared with controls, EMF-exposed rats had higher TBARS in plasma and brain tissue and lower GSH in brain and erythrocytes. Zinc-supplemented EMF-exposed rats had lower TBARS and higher GSH than EMF-only rats, and higher plasma zinc levels.

DOI: 10.1620/tjem.208.133 · PMID: 16434836

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16434836/

Study type: other

Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2006 · PubMed

In 12 volunteers, somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) measured before and after 30 minutes of exposure to pulsed high-frequency EMF emitted by a mobile phone did not differ from sham exposure. In the subset assessed (7 subjects), the SEP recovery function was also not affected.

DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2005.12.005 · PMID: 16439184

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16439184/

Study type: in_vitro

Nitric oxide : biology and chemistry · 2006 · PubMed

Overnight exposure to a 1 mT, 50 Hz sinusoidal EMF altered expression of iNOS and MCP-1 in cultured human mononuclear cells. iNOS was down-regulated at both mRNA and protein levels, while MCP-1 was up-regulated.

DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2005.11.010 · PMID: 16455275

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16455275/

Study type: animal

Biomagnetic research and technology · 2006 · PubMed

Barley seedlings grown for 5–6 days under static magnetic and 50 Hz electromagnetic fields tuned to Ca2+ ion cyclotron resonance had 15–20% shorter shoots and 10–12% lower weight than controls grown under normal geomagnetic conditions. Exposed plants showed decreased protochlorophyllide and carotenoid pigments, reduced protochlorophyllide regeneration after light irradiation, and a slightly delayed Shibata shift. After subsequent growth under natural conditions without additional fields, exposed plants remained significantly shorter with lower chlorophyll (a+b) and showed growth retardation lasting several weeks with increased tendency for dehydration.

DOI: 10.1186/1477-044x-4-1 · PMID: 16457719

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16457719/

Study type: randomized_trial

Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · 2006 · PubMed

In a double-blind, counterbalanced PET study of 12 healthy male subjects performing a verbal working memory task, a commercial mobile phone in operation was associated with a local decrease in rCBF beneath the antenna in the inferior temporal cortex and an increase more distantly in the prefrontal cortex.

DOI: 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600279 · PMID: 16495939

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16495939/

Study type: cross_sectional

Bioelectromagnetics · 2006 · PubMed

Using an online/downloadable self-administered questionnaire, 192 persons reported health complaints attributed to EMF; 56% classified themselves as electromagnetic hypersensitive (EH). Predictors of EH self-classification were reporting being affected by all kinds of EMF rather than single EMF sources and being female; EH subjects reported a high degree of suffering and 77% had sought advice from physicians. The authors note the resulting study base is not representative for estimating population prevalence.

DOI: 10.1002/bem.20212 · PMID: 16511876

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16511876/

Study type: in_vitro

Toxicology letters · 2006 · PubMed

In a blind trial system, exposure of SH-SY5Y cells to a 50 Hz power-line magnetic field across various magnetic flux densities and exposure times did not change expression of alpha3, alpha5, or alpha7 nicotinic receptor subunit genes at the molecular level.

DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2006.01.006 · PMID: 16513298

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16513298/

Study type: other

Radiation and environmental biophysics · 2006 · PubMed

PMA (positive control) significantly increased ROS in monocytes and lymphocytes versus sham/incubator controls. After GSM-DTX exposure at 2 W/kg, monocytes showed a statistically significant difference versus sham, but the authors attribute this to lowered ROS during sham exposure; lymphocytes showed no differences versus sham or incubator control. Hsp70 expression in monocytes showed no differences versus incubator or sham controls at 0, 1, or 2 h post-exposure.

DOI: 10.1007/s00411-006-0038-3 · PMID: 16552570

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16552570/

Study type: in_vitro

Journal of cellular biochemistry · 2006 · PubMed

Exposure to 50 Hz magnetic fields at 1.0 mT increased phagocytic activity after 45 min (1.6-fold vs controls) and increased IL-1β release, with significant increases by 4 h and a maximum 12.3-fold increase after 24 h. No significant differences were observed in micronucleus formation or irregular mitotic activities after 12–48 h exposure. Flux densities from 0.05 to 1.0 mT for 45 min significantly stimulated free radical formation in macrophage precursor cells.

DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20920 · PMID: 16598759

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16598759/

Study type: cross_sectional

Occupational and environmental medicine · 2006 · PubMed

Measured HF-EMF power density in bedrooms was far below recommended levels (maximum 4.1 mW/m2; average 0.05 mW/m2 rural vs 0.02 mW/m2 urban). Some subjective symptoms showed a significant relation to measured power density (highest for headaches). Perceptual speed increased with increasing exposure while accuracy decreased insignificantly; no significant effect on sleep quality was observed.

DOI: 10.1136/oem.2005.020784 · PMID: 16621850

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16621850/

Study type: in_vitro

Zhonghua lao dong wei sheng zhi ye bing za zhi = Zhonghua laodong weisheng zhiyebing zazhi = Chinese journal of industrial hygiene and occupational diseases · 2006 · PubMed

In cultured rat cortex and hippocampus neurons exposed to 1.8 GHz RF EMF (217 Hz modulation) at SAR 2 W/kg for 24 hours, 34 of 1200 candidate genes were reported as up- or down-regulated. Map2 expression was statistically significantly up-regulated after RF EMF exposure (P < 0.05) by RPA confirmation.

PMID: 16701035

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16701035/

Study type: animal

Bioelectromagnetics · 2006 · PubMed

Single-cell amoebae of Dictyostelium discoideum were exposed to an ELF-EMF (~200 microT, 50 Hz) for 3 h or 24 h. A delay in early differentiation was observed after 3 h exposure, and a significant decrease in fission rate was observed after 24 h exposure. PrChE activity decreased after 3 h exposure but increased after 24 h exposure; these effects were described as transient, returning to control values after 24 h under standard conditions.

DOI: 10.1002/bem.20240 · PMID: 16715524

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16715524/

Study type: animal

Bioelectromagnetics · 2006 · PubMed

In rat frontal cortex and hippocampus, acute UHF-EMF exposure produced no detectable changes in lipid (MDA) or protein (carbonyl) oxidative damage and no changes in non-enzymatic antioxidant defense. The authors report no detectable oxidative stress in rats of any age tested under the acute exposure conditions.

DOI: 10.1002/bem.20233 · PMID: 16715528

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16715528/

Study type: animal

Bioelectromagnetics · 2006 · PubMed

Two experiments in Holstein cows exposed to 60 Hz fields (10 kV/m electric field; 30 µT magnetic field) found no statistically significant treatment effect on T4 in experiment 1 (P = .0968), while experiment 2 showed statistically significant effects of period (P = .0009) and a treatment-by-days interaction (P = .0003). The authors conclude this “worst case scenario” exposure moderately influences blood thyroxine levels.

DOI: 10.1002/bem.20253 · PMID: 16724328

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16724328/

Study type: animal

Brain research · 2006 · PubMed

At 30 min, social recognition memory was intact in both gonadally intact and ovariectomized rats, with or without ELF-EMF exposure. At 300 min, gonadally intact control females did not show retention, while gonadally intact females exposed to ELF EMF did; the ELF-EMF facilitation was prevented by ovariectomy and restored by exogenous estrogen treatment.

DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.04.020 · PMID: 16730671

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16730671/

Study type: animal

Annals of the rheumatic diseases · 2006 · PubMed

EMF exposure increased matrix macromolecule synthesis in undigested, untreated explants (p<0.009). In matrix-depleted samples, EMF had no stimulatory effect on proteoglycan biosynthesis. IL1beta decreased de novo matrix macromolecule synthesis in both young and adult samples (p<0.00004), and EMF partly counteracted this inhibition only in cartilage from young animals.

DOI: 10.1136/ard.2005.037622 · PMID: 16769781

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16769781/

Study type: animal

Electromagnetic biology and medicine · 2006 · PubMed

NK cell cytotoxic activity of splenocytes was decreased in guinea pigs exposed to a 50 Hz, 2 mT magnetic field compared with controls.

DOI: 10.1080/15368370600697453 · PMID: 16771296

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16771296/

Study type: animal

Georgian medical news · 2006 · PubMed

In mouse fibroblasts, EMF exposure in the 20–100 Hz range at an inductance of 2.0 mT was associated with stimulation of transmembrane transport of Na+, K+, and Ca2+ at frequencies below 45 Hz and above 60 Hz.

PMID: 16783080

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16783080/

Study type: policy

International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics : JOSE · 2006 · PubMed

The paper discusses how existing standards and recommendations can be applied in EMF measurement techniques to determine compliance of measured exposure limit values and action values with those defined in Directive 2004/40/EC.

DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2006.11076681 · PMID: 16790175

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16790175/

Study type: exposure_assessment

International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics : JOSE · 2006 · PubMed

The paper reports measurements and calculations to determine the compliance boundary for workers in a typical rooftop base station setting according to EU Directive 2004/40/EC and relevant EN standards.

DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2006.11076680 · PMID: 16790176

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16790176/

Study type: randomized_trial

Optics express · 2006 · PubMed

In a double-blind randomized crossover trial with GSM 900 MHz exposure (12 W/kg, 1.2 W/kg, sham), borderline-significant short-term changes in oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin were observed during exposure, corresponding to decreased cerebral blood flow and volume and smaller than regular physiological changes. The authors note these responses may be spurious due to multiple statistical tests; no detectable dose-response relationship or long-term response within 20 minutes was found.

DOI: 10.1364/oe.14.006128 · PMID: 19516785

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19516785/

Study type: randomized_trial

Annals of neurology · 2006 · PubMed

In a double-blind cross-over design, real GSM mobile phone EMF exposure significantly modified intracortical excitability in the acutely exposed hemisphere compared with the contralateral non-exposed hemisphere and with sham exposure, with reduced SICI and enhanced ICF. Tympanic temperature showed no significant effects.

DOI: 10.1002/ana.20906 · PMID: 16802289

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16802289/