Study type: review

Med Hypotheses · 2004 · Manual

This article proposes a possible association between fetal or neonatal exposure to radiofrequency radiation and increased incidence of autism spectrum disorders. The abstract presents this as a hypothesis based on temporal correlation and does not report original experimental or epidemiological results.

DOI: 10.1016/s0306-9877(03)00309-8 · PMID: 14962625

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14962625/

Study type: animal

Bioelectromagnetics · 2004 · PubMed

Across 10 days of testing, analyses of error rates showed no significant microwave exposure effect and no exposure-by-drug interaction. Time-to-criterion analyses also showed no significant exposure effect; drug and test-day effects were observed, with some drugs increasing completion time. Authors conclude there was no evidence that the microwave exposure parameters used caused decrements in learning the spatial memory task.

DOI: 10.1002/bem.10148 · PMID: 14696053

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14696053/

Study type: in_vitro

Molecular vision · 2004 · PubMed

After 8 h exposure, 0.50, 1.00, and 2.00 mW/cm2 groups showed decreased cell viability, increased cell condensation, inhibition of DNA synthesis, and significant G0/G1 arrest; 0.10 and 0.25 mW/cm2 showed no obvious changes. P27Kip1 protein expression increased after microwave radiation while P27Kip1 mRNA was unchanged; P21WAF1 protein and mRNA showed no detectable differences versus controls.

PMID: 14990889

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14990889/

Study type: in_vitro

Organic & biomolecular chemistry · 2004 · PubMed

At 100°C in an organic medium, immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B showed higher stability under microwave heating than under conventional thermal heating under otherwise identical operating conditions, both when microwaves were applied before reaction (storage) and during catalysis (use). The stability gain appeared greater in more polar solvents, and the authors suggest a non-thermal effect on enzymatic inactivation.

DOI: 10.1039/b401145g · PMID: 15034633

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15034633/

Study type: cross_sectional

Zhonghua liu xing bing xue za zhi = Zhonghua liuxingbingxue zazhi · 2004 · PubMed

Among radar workers, semen quality and semi-clinical sperm injury varied with radar electromagnetic wave frequency, distance, intensity, duration, and shielding; a dose-response relationship was reported, with increased sperm dysmorphia described as a principal factor. Exposed and control groups differed significantly (P < 0.01). The authors conclude that long-term exposure with poor shielding is associated with poorer semen quality and semi-clinical sperm injury, but that male reproductive function was not affected.

PMID: 15061945

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15061945/

Study type: other

Environmental science & technology · 2004 · PubMed

Under simultaneous UV and microwave irradiation with TiO2, the study monitored the fate of multiple model organic substrates and compared microwave-generated internal heating with conventional external heating, including experiments at constant ambient temperature under a microwave field, to delineate thermal and nonthermal microwave effects. The abstract indicates that nonthermal components were inferred to affect initial adsorption and subsequent degradation on TiO2 surfaces, and that microwave effects bear on the oxidative degradation mechanism, with consideration of polar substrates’ behavior in a microwave field.

DOI: 10.1021/es034823a · PMID: 15112825

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15112825/

Study type: animal

Zhonghua lao dong wei sheng zhi ye bing za zhi = Zhonghua laodong weisheng zhiyebing zazhi = Chinese journal of industrial hygiene and occupational diseases · 2004 · PubMed

Compared with controls, mice exposed to 2,450 MHz microwaves showed lower body weight at 5 and 15 mW/cm^2, pathological changes in thymus, higher CD8 expression at 5 and 15 mW/cm^2, lower G2+M phase thymocytes at 5 and 15 mW/cm^2, and higher thymocyte apoptosis rates at 1, 5, and 15 mW/cm^2. No significant difference in apoptosis rate was observed between 5 and 15 mW/cm^2.

PMID: 15130439

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15130439/

Study type: animal

Zhonghua lao dong wei sheng zhi ye bing za zhi = Zhonghua laodong weisheng zhiyebing zazhi = Chinese journal of industrial hygiene and occupational diseases · 2004 · PubMed

After high power microwave radiation, rats showed significantly reduced learning and memory performance. Hippocampal injury findings included rarefaction, edema, hemangiectasia, neuronal degeneration/necrosis, and decreased/disappearing Nissl bodies; apoptosis increased and NSE and GFAP expression increased, with injuries described as more severe in CA4 and dentate gyrus and showing a dose-effect relationship.

PMID: 15256159

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15256159/

Study type: animal

Zhonghua nan ke xue = National journal of andrology · 2004 · PubMed

Compared with controls, apoptotic germ cells were significantly increased at 6 h, 24 h, and 48 h after 5 min exposure at 10 or 20 mW/cm2 (P<0.01), with a reported peak at 6 h after 10 mW/cm2. Other exposure/timepoint groups did not differ significantly from controls (P>0.05).

PMID: 15267200

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15267200/

Study type: in_vitro

Carbohydrate research · 2004 · PubMed

Microwave heating was used to sulfated chitosan and produced products with varying degrees of substitution and molecular weight by changing reaction time and/or radiation power. Microwave radiation accelerated degradation and yielded considerably lower molecular weight than traditional heating, while no differences in chemical structure were reported between microwave and conventional methods. Low-molecular-weight, high-sulfate-content chitosans scavenged superoxide and hydroxyl radicals in vitro (IC50 0.025 and 1.32 mg/mL, respectively).

DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2004.08.013 · PMID: 15476712

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15476712/

Study type: in_vitro

Journal of applied microbiology · 2004 · PubMed

Microwave exposure and conventional conductive heating at the same temperature produced similar spore survival kinetics. However, structural/molecular effects differed: conductive heating increased cortex layer width and was associated with detectable extracellular DPA, whereas irradiated spores showed no cortex change and no detectable extracellular DPA; measurable DPA decreased under microwaves only in the presence of calcium ions or spore suspensions.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02406.x · PMID: 15546413

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15546413/

Study type: review

Arhiv za higijenu rada i toksikologiju · 2004 · PubMed

This article discusses concerns about possible non-thermal biological effects of RF/microwave electromagnetic fields from increasing mobile phone use. It states that possible biological effects have not been elucidated so far and that the effect of RF/microwave exposure on the cytoskeleton remains unknown.

PMID: 15584559

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15584559/

Study type: animal

International journal of audiology · 2004 · PubMed

Repeated-measures ANOVA showed no differences in DPOAE amplitudes or ABR thresholds between exposed and non-exposed ears and between sham-exposed and exposed groups. Acute pre/post 1-hour exposure testing showed no statistically significant ABR threshold change. In vitro, exposed and sham-exposed organs of Corti appeared normal under light microscopy.

DOI: 10.1080/14992020400050069 · PMID: 15726845

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15726845/

Zhonghua lao dong wei sheng zhi ye bing za zhi = Zhonghua laodong weisheng zhiyebing zazhi = Chinese journal of industrial hygiene and occupational diseases · 2004 · PubMed

PMID: 15748485

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15748485/

Study type: in_vitro

Radiation research · 2004 · PubMed

In C3H 10T(1/2) cells, 2 h exposure to 2450 MHz continuous-wave microwaves at SAR 1.9 W/kg did not produce detectable DNA damage in the comet assay and did not impede gamma-ray-induced DNA migration. Measurements specific to DNA-protein crosslinks showed no evidence of induction or changes in protein associated with DNA after microwave exposure.

DOI: 10.1667/rr3122 · PMID: 14731069

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14731069/

Study type: randomized_trial

Bioelectromagnetics · 2004 · PubMed

In most cases, photic stimulation was associated with EEG energy level changes in the occipital region, while microwave stimulation was associated with changes in the frontal region. Effects of microwave stimulation became apparent from the third stimulation cycle, but responses varied strongly between subjects and there were no statistically significant changes in EEG activity level for the whole group; some subjects showed noticeable tendencies during microwave on-off cycles.

DOI: 10.1002/bem.20010 · PMID: 15300729

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15300729/

Study type: case_control

Archives of medical research · 2004 · PubMed

BERA interpeak latencies (I-III, I-V, III-V) did not differ significantly between RF-exposed workers and controls (p>0.05). In audiometry, hearing thresholds were higher in the RF-exposed group than controls at 4000 Hz and 8000 Hz for bone and air conduction in both ears (p<0.01).

DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2004.11.011 · PMID: 15631877

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15631877/

Study type: exposure_assessment

Zhonghua lao dong wei sheng zhi ye bing za zhi = Zhonghua laodong weisheng zhiyebing zazhi = Chinese journal of industrial hygiene and occupational diseases · 2004 · PubMed

Microwave leakage intensities at 5 cm from the aerial part and other parts during launching (1316.0±144.3 and 971.0±131.6 microW/cm^2) were significantly higher than during waiting (14.4±5.3 and 13.2±4.9 microW/cm^2; P<0.01). At 50 cm, average leakage intensity from different parts was 357.3±27.8 microW/cm^2. The reported daily average exposure to head, chest, and abdomen during normal communication totaled 945.5±447.1 microW·h/cm^2, exceeding the cited Chinese hygienic standard (400 microW·h/cm^2).

PMID: 15748479

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15748479/

Study type: in_vitro

Journal of cellular physiology · 2004 · PubMed

In CCRF-CEM cells exposed in vitro to unmodulated 900 MHz EMF, short exposures (2–12 h) induced DNA breaks and early activation of p53-dependent and p53-independent apoptotic pathways. Longer continuous exposure (24–48 h) was associated with silencing of pro-apoptotic signals and activation of pro-survival signaling (including Bcl-2, Ras, Akt1), which the authors interpret as conferring a survival/proliferation advantage to surviving cells.

DOI: 10.1002/jcp.10425 · PMID: 14603534

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14603534/

Study type: randomized_trial

Bioelectromagnetics · 2004 · PubMed

In a double-blind, counterbalanced within-subject design comparing task performance with vs. without exposure to a digital 902 MHz field, the study did not replicate previously reported significant EEG (ERD/ERS) changes; all eight earlier significant changes were not significant here. Effects on memory task errors were inconsistent across studies, with this replication observing a significant increase in errors whereas the earlier study reported no significant effect.

DOI: 10.1002/bem.10143 · PMID: 14696051

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14696051/

Study type: in_vitro

Mutation research · 2004 · PubMed

Intermittent 50 Hz power-line magnetic field exposure (5 min ON/30 min OFF) at 2.3 mT for 6 h significantly up-regulated c-jun, p21, and egr-1 mRNA levels in p53-deficient ES cells but not in wild-type ES cells. No significant effects were observed at lower flux densities, with longer exposure time, or after an 18 h recovery period.

DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2003.09.011 · PMID: 14706519

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14706519/

Study type: animal

Bioelectromagnetics · 2004 · PubMed

Amplitude-modulated RF exposure (217 pulses/s) significantly enhanced UV-induced apoptosis in cdc48-mutant yeast cells under elevated temperature conditions. No effect was observed with unmodulated RF fields at identical time-average SARs (0.4 or 3.0 W/kg).

DOI: 10.1002/bem.10167 · PMID: 14735563

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14735563/

Study type: animal

Indian journal of biochemistry & biophysics · 2004 · PubMed

Male albino mice exposed once to a 5 mT, 60 Hz electromagnetic field for 8 hours showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) versus controls in hourly blood measurements (up to 8 hours) of total protein, albumin, globulin, uric acid, creatinine, cholesterol, or alkaline phosphatase.

PMID: 22896911

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22896911/

Study type: in_vitro

Environmental research · 2004 · PubMed

After 30 min exposure, ELF-EMF induced heat shock gene expression in HL-60 cells, particularly HSP70A, HSP70B, and HSP70C; induction was enhanced when combined with simultaneous heat shock (43°C for 30 min). Across 10–140 µT, even 10 µT significantly induced HSP70A/B/C, with a maximum response at 60–80 µT and an unusual dose-response relationship.

DOI: 10.1016/s0013-9351(03)00088-4 · PMID: 14757377

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14757377/

Study type: exposure_assessment

Journal of exposure analysis and environmental epidemiology · 2004 · PubMed

Lifetime use of selected household appliances was collected via standardized interview and converted into several ELF-EMF exposure metrics (ever/never, appliance-years, cumulative microT-hours) using literature-based appliance flux density measurements as weighting factors. Exposure score distributions differed systematically depending on the precision level used, and the authors conclude that valid assessment should use the highest possible precision.

DOI: 10.1038/sj.jea.7500305 · PMID: 15014545

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15014545/

Study type: cross_sectional

International journal of hygiene and environmental health · 2004 · PubMed

Within one year, 429 questionnaires were returned; 394 respondents reported symptoms, with a mean of 2.7 symptoms per person. The most common complaints were sleep disorders (58%) and headaches (41%); symptoms were most frequently attributed to mobile phone base stations (74%), followed by mobile phones (36%), cordless phones (29%), and power lines (27%). No distinct symptom pattern could be linked to a specific field source; many respondents were dissatisfied with public authority responses and commonly reported avoidance/removal of indoor sources as actions, with disconnecting indoor sources judged most effective.

DOI: 10.1078/1438-4639-00269 · PMID: 15031956

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15031956/

Study type: in_vitro

Mutation research · 2004 · PubMed

Exposure to high peak-power pulsed EMF (8.8 GHz) increased DNA damage in frog erythrocytes, but the increase was attributed to heating (temperature rise) rather than an athermal effect. Under corresponding temperature incubation conditions, similar DNA damage was observed, leading the authors to conclude no athermal genotoxic effect at the tested exposure modality.

DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2003.10.017 · PMID: 15036116

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15036116/

Study type: cross_sectional

Sozial- und Praventivmedizin · 2004 · PubMed

Public hearing participants rated the health risks of both mobile phones and celltowers higher than medical students. Higher risk ratings showed a trend with older age and female sex, and ratings for phones and celltowers correlated with each other; perceived EMF risks were similar in magnitude to other ubiquitous exposures such as traffic noise and air pollution.

DOI: 10.1007/s00038-003-2094-7 · PMID: 15040130

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15040130/

Study type: randomized_trial

Bioelectromagnetics · 2004 · PubMed

After sham exposure, pain and tolerance thresholds were unchanged, but they significantly decreased after 37 Hz EMF exposure (80 microT peak). Systolic blood pressure was significantly higher during EMF exposure; heart rate significantly decreased during both sham and EMF exposure. The high-frequency component of heart rate variability increased during sham exposure but remained unchanged during EMF exposure, and cortisol significantly decreased during sham exposure only.

DOI: 10.1002/bem.10180 · PMID: 15042625

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15042625/

Study type: animal

Asian journal of andrology · 2004 · PubMed

Mice exposed continuously to 60 Hz EMF (0.1 or 0.5 mT) for 8 weeks had no significant changes in body or testis weights, but showed increased incidence of germ cell death and fewer well-organized seminiferous tubules. TUNEL analysis found a significantly higher apoptotic rate in the 0.5 mT group versus sham controls (P<0.05), with TUNEL-positive cells mainly spermatogonia; flow cytometry suggested lower viability in exposed groups but not statistically significant.

PMID: 15064831

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15064831/

Study type: randomized_trial

Neuroreport · 2004 · PubMed

Under active 902.40 MHz exposure, simple- and choice-reaction times improved and local (tympanic) temperature increased on the exposed region. Reaction time and temperature changes showed a time-course, with appreciable changes requiring at least 25 minutes of exposure.

DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200401190-00031 · PMID: 15106850

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15106850/

Study type: animal

In vivo (Athens, Greece) · 2004 · PubMed

Exposure to 50 Hz sinusoidal EMF at 30 mT for 30 minutes significantly increased the number of adherent leukocytes (rolling + endothelium-adhering) compared with pre-exposure (p<0.05). No distinct changes were observed in mean velocity of free-flowing leukocytes, and no significant differences in adherent leukocyte numbers were found at 3 mT or 10 mT or in sham controls.

PMID: 15113039

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15113039/

Study type: in_vitro

Bioelectromagnetics · 2004 · PubMed

Exposure to pulse-modulated EMF simulating GSM 1800 uplink (1.71 GHz) using the GSM-217 modulation scheme significantly upregulated hsp70 mRNA in p53-deficient differentiating ES cells, with a low and transient increase of c-jun, c-myc, and p21 in p53-deficient but not wild-type cells. No transcript responses were observed after GSM-Talk exposure at similar slot-averaged SAR but lower time-averaged SAR. Cardiac differentiation and cell cycle characteristics were not affected after GSM-217 exposure.

DOI: 10.1002/bem.10199 · PMID: 15114639

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15114639/

Study type: other

Neuroreport · 2004 · PubMed

Exposure to GSM 1800 EMF during the study (encoding) phase changed an early (350–400 ms) task-specific component of the event-related magnetic field, interpreted as interference with item encoding. Behavioral measures were not significantly affected, and the authors state adverse health effects cannot be derived from these data.

DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200405190-00022 · PMID: 15129172

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15129172/

Study type: review

Biomedical sciences instrumentation · 2004 · PubMed

The paper summarizes natural and artificial EMF characteristics used or under investigation for therapeutic applications and discusses the success and possible risks of emerging EMF therapies. It notes that EMF therapy is being explored for pain, cancer, epilepsy, and inflammatory diseases, but that long-term success is still unknown and positive outcomes could potentially be explained by placebo enhancement.

PMID: 15134003

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15134003/

Study type: exposure_assessment

Medycyna pracy · 2004 · PubMed

After introduction of revised MAI'2001 standards (0–300 GHz), an analysis of 9,000 types of equipment/installations used in workplaces assessed EMF levels by protective-zone criteria. Overall, 49% of equipment were not sources of EMF at levels corresponding to protective zones, suggesting routine control was not justified because exposure did not occur or could be neglected in occupational settings.

PMID: 15156768

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15156768/

Study type: other

Biochimie · 2004 · PubMed

Exposure of Peganum harmala callus cells to a 50 Hz, 1 gauss EMF for 10 minutes was associated with a statistically significant decrease in PtdIns 4,5-P2 concentrations and changes in the involvement of constituting fatty acids in the breakdown. Use of PI-PLC inhibitors was reported to support involvement of a phosphoinositide/PI-PLC signaling pathway.

DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2004.02.001 · PMID: 15194239

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15194239/

Study type: engineering

Physics in medicine and biology · 2004 · PubMed

The paper proposes a multilayered dielectric spherical head model and presents Debye potential and Dyadic Green's function-based solutions to calculate EMFs inside a stratified, head-sized sphere with conductivity and permittivity profiles similar to a human head. The methods are described as enabling rapid prototyping with lower computation times than full FDTD using a complex head model, and test examples demonstrate capability.

DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/49/10/001 · PMID: 15214527

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15214527/

Study type: randomized_trial

Bioelectromagnetics · 2004 · PubMed

In a double-blind, multi-centre sham-controlled design, 902 MHz mobile phone EMF exposure showed no statistically significant effect on reaction times or accuracy on an n-back short term memory task. Results did not differ significantly between the two laboratories.

DOI: 10.1002/bem.20014 · PMID: 15300731

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15300731/

Study type: animal

Life sciences · 2004 · PubMed

Low-intensity exposure increased myocardial HSP70 by 32 ± 8% versus control (P=0.01), while high-intensity exposure did not change HSP70 versus control. Malondialdehyde increased in treated hearts (P<0.05), especially in the high-intensity group (P=0.008), and electron microscopy showed sporadic ruptures of mitochondrial cristae in high-intensity hearts. After ischemia-reperfusion, rate-pressure recovery in both exposure groups was similar to control, but end-diastolic and perfusion pressures were higher in the low-intensity group than in the high-intensity group, indicating diastolic derangement in the low-intensity group.

DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2003.12.033 · PMID: 15306160

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15306160/

Study type: animal

Physiology & behavior · 2004 · PubMed

Exposure to ELF EMF at 1 mT for 2 h/day over 9 days increased the duration of short-term social recognition memory in adult male Wistar rats up to 300 minutes.

DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.06.004 · PMID: 15327917

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15327917/

Study type: in_vitro

Radiation and environmental biophysics · 2004 · PubMed

Human diploid fibroblasts exposed intermittently to 50 Hz, 1000 microT ELF-EMF showed a highly significant increase in DNA strand breaks (comet assay) compared with sham exposure, but no observed effect on intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+]i) or on mitochondrial membrane potential (JC-1 fluorescence emission).

DOI: 10.1007/s00411-004-0252-9 · PMID: 15340854

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15340854/

Study type: in_vitro

Journal of cellular biochemistry · 2004 · PubMed

Myoglobin solutions (pH 3.0) exposed for 3 h to a microwave electromagnetic field (SAR 51 +/- 1 mW/g) showed slower refolding kinetics of the heme binding site compared with non-exposed samples. The tryptophanyl lifetime distribution of exposed protein appeared sharper than in non-exposed samples.

DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20164 · PMID: 15352175

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15352175/

Study type: animal

Bioelectromagnetics · 2004 · PubMed

Across two experiments in Holstein cows under short-day photoperiods, EMF exposure (10 kV/m electric field; 30 microT magnetic field) was associated with lower melatonin concentrations during the light period (experiment 1: 9.9 vs 12.4 pg/ml, P<.05; experiment 2: 8.8 vs 16.3 pg/ml, P<.06), with no reported effect on melatonin during the dark period. Prolactin increased with EMF in experiment 1 (16.6 vs 12.7 ng/ml, P<.02) but was not affected in experiment 2.

DOI: 10.1002/bem.20024 · PMID: 15376244

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15376244/

Study type: in_vitro

Osteoarthritis and cartilage · 2004 · PubMed

Bovine cartilage explants exposed to EMF (75 Hz; 1.5 mT) for 24 h showed significantly increased 35S-sulfate incorporation (PG synthesis) in both 0% and 10% fetal bovine serum conditions. IGF-I increased 35S-sulfate incorporation dose-dependently, and combined EMF+IGF-I effects were additive at all IGF-I doses; no effect was observed on PG release into the medium. In chondrocyte monolayers, IGF-I increased 35S-sulfate incorporation dose-dependently, but this was not modified by EMF exposure.

DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2004.06.012 · PMID: 15450529

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15450529/

Study type: in_vitro

Wei sheng yan jiu = Journal of hygiene research · 2004 · PubMed

Cytochemistry results indicated a significant decrease in cytochrome oxidase activity compared with sham-exposed neurons after exposure for 2 hours/day (4 or 5 consecutive days) and after 12 hours exposure when immediately tested (P < 0.001). The authors report the influence on CCO could be recovered to some extent and was not closely related to first exposure or cultured age of neurons.

PMID: 15461266

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15461266/

Study type: animal

Indian journal of experimental biology · 2004 · PubMed

Chicken eggs exposed to 50 Hz ELF-EMF for 24 hr at 1.33–7.32 mT showed no overall increase in abnormality rate, though significance was reported at some flux densities. Staining identified some embryos with extra ribs, rib/vertebrae defects, anuria, and abnormal beaks. Egg weight after 9 days did not differ between control, sham, and exposed groups, while embryo weight was significantly decreased at 4.39 and 5.52 mT versus control and sham.

PMID: 15462177

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15462177/

Study type: in_vitro

TheScientificWorldJournal · 2004 · PubMed

CHO-K1 cells exposed for 2 h to 2.45-GHz EMF showed no difference in micronucleus frequency versus sham at SARs <50 W/kg, while MN frequency was significantly higher at SARs of 100 and 200 W/kg. Heat treatment (38–42°C) increased MN frequency in a temperature-dependent manner, and the authors report that higher SAR increased temperature, which may be connected to increased MN formation; no apparent combined effect was observed for EMF exposure plus bleomycin compared with bleomycin alone.

DOI: 10.1100/tsw.2004.176 · PMID: 15517100

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15517100/

Study type: animal

TheScientificWorldJournal · 2004 · PubMed

Compared with sham-exposed animals, EMF-exposed rats showed an almost threefold increase in micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes in bone marrow after 30 days of exposure. Micronuclei induction was also observed in polymorphonuclear cells, and the increase in female rats was less than in male rats.

DOI: 10.1100/tsw.2004.178 · PMID: 15517102

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15517102/

Study type: animal

TheScientificWorldJournal · 2004 · PubMed

Compared with control, preliminary treatment of distilled water with extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF EMF) or extremely low frequency vibrations (ELFV) modulated metabolic-dependent seed hydration, dry weight dissolving, germination, and water binding in barley seeds. Frequency "windows" were reported for effects of EMF and ELFV on these outcomes, differing by exposure type and phase of seed swelling.

DOI: 10.1100/tsw.2004.179 · PMID: 15517103

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15517103/