Study type: animal

Int J Radiat Biol · 1996 · Manual

After acute 2-hour exposure to either pulsed or continuous-wave 2450 MHz radiofrequency radiation (whole-body average SAR 1.2 W/kg), an increase in both single- and double-strand DNA breaks in individual rat brain cells was observed at 4 hours post-exposure. No significant difference was observed between pulsed and continuous-wave exposures.

DOI: 10.1080/095530096145814 · PMID: 8627134

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8627134/

Study type: animal

Bioelectromagnetics · 1996 · Manual

In male Balb/c mice, continuous-wave 2.45 GHz exposure (6 days, 3 h/day) increased the number of antibody-producing spleen cells by 37%. Amplitude-modulated exposure (50 Hz square wave modulation of 2.45 GHz) increased spleen index by 15% and antibody-producing cell number by 55% in males; no changes were observed in females.

DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-186x(1996)17:3<246::aid-bem11>3.0.co;2-o · PMID: 8809365

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8809365/

Study type: other

Neuropsychobiology · 1996 · Manual

Pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic fields from digital mobile radio telephones were associated with shortened sleep onset latency and reduced REM sleep duration and percentage. EEG spectral analysis during REM sleep showed increased spectral power density, described as qualitative alterations of the EEG signal.

DOI: 10.1159/000119247 · PMID: 8821374

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8821374/

Study type: ecological

Med J Aust · 1996 · Manual

Comparing inner (near towers) vs outer areas, total leukaemia incidence rate ratio (all ages) was 1.24 (95% CI 1.09-1.40). In children, leukaemia incidence RR was 1.58 (95% CI 1.07-2.34) and mortality RR was 2.32 (95% CI 1.35-4.01); childhood lymphatic leukaemia incidence RR was 1.55 (95% CI 1.00-2.41) and mortality RR was 2.74 (95% CI 1.42-5.27). Brain cancer incidence and mortality were not increased.

DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1996.tb138661.x · PMID: 8985435

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8985435/

Study type: animal

Bioelectromagnetics · 1996 · PubMed

Prenatal microwave exposure (2.45 GHz; 3 mW/cm2; whole-body SAR 4.23 ± 0.63 W/kg) did not influence postnatal body weight gain or organ weight through postnatal day 24. Brain aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activity significantly decreased after continuous-wave exposure but not after 50 Hz amplitude-modulated exposure. Liver enzyme activity increased under both continuous-wave and 50 Hz amplitude-modulated exposure.

DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-186x(1996)17:6<497::aid-bem10>3.0.co;2-i · PMID: 8986368

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8986368/

Study type: review

Oncology reports · 1996 · PubMed

The review states that the association between radiofrequency (radar/microwave) exposure and testicular damage/cancer is unproved, but that clinical and experimental data are suggestive. The authors describe a case of severe oligospermia followed by seminoma that they consider most probably induced by radar/microwave exposure, and note that epidemiologic evaluation is difficult due to small/secretive exposed populations.

DOI: 10.3892/or.3.2.365 · PMID: 21594374

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21594374/

Study type: in_vitro

Journal of diarrhoeal diseases research · 1996 · PubMed

Pools of colostrum and human milk exposed to microwave radiation, pasteurization, or lyophilization did not show a significant change in their ability to inhibit localized adherence of EPEC O111:H- to HEp-2 cells compared with untreated samples. Total protein values were maintained; IgA concentration and colostral anti-EPEC IgA were reduced after pasteurization, but remaining IgA was still sufficient for the adhesion inhibition assay.

PMID: 8870401

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8870401/

Study type: animal

Biofizika · 1996 · PubMed

After exposure to modulated microwave radiation (0.9 GHz; 16 pulses/s; 50% pulse duration; 15 W/kg; 15 min), ultrathin sections showed drastic ultrastructural changes in olfactory and respiratory epithelia, including strong vacuolization, cilia fusion forming "giant cilia," and degeneration of primary olfactory neuron axons.

PMID: 8962883

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8962883/

Study type: in_vitro

Radiatsionnaia biologiia, radioecologiia · 1996 · PubMed

Rat muscle actomyosin solution exposed to 2375 MHz pulse-modulated microwave radiation showed ATPase activity changes that depended on modulation frequency (50–300 pulses/second) and microwave intensity; specific modulation frequencies were reported to change ATPase activity.

PMID: 9019280

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9019280/

Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics · 1996 · PubMed

DOI: 10.1103/physreve.54.4121 · PMID: 9965561

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9965561/

Study type: animal

The Anatomical record · 1996 · PubMed

In pigs exposed for 24 hr to 915 MHz microwave radiation, low-power exposure (6.1 mW/cm^2) showed ultrastructural and numerical signs consistent with enhanced secretory activity in pulmonary intravascular macrophages (e.g., increased RER:cytoplasm ratio, prominent Golgi profiles, secretory vesicles). High-power exposure (11.4 mW/cm^2) was associated with findings interpreted as pulmonary interstitium damage (extracellular AcPase precipitates and disrupted collagen matrix).

DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0185(199611)246:3<343::aid-ar5>3.0.co;2-z · PMID: 8915456

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8915456/

Study type: review

Bioelectromagnetics · 1996 · PubMed

The paper proposes that trace biogenic magnetite in tissues (and ferromagnetic particles in lab materials) could provide a mechanism by which microwave radiation might produce or appear to produce biological effects. Magnetite is described as an excellent microwave absorber between 0.5 and 10.0 GHz via ferromagnetic resonance, with absorbed energy transduced into lattice vibrations and then dissipated in nearby cellular structures; experimental test methods are discussed.

DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-186x(1996)17:3<187::aid-bem4>3.0.co;2-# · PMID: 8809358

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8809358/

Study type: in_vitro

Acta microbiologica et immunologica Hungarica · 1996 · PubMed

Bacterial suspensions exposed to 2450 MHz microwaves at 550 W for 5–30 seconds showed CFU/ml differences versus unradiated controls (P < 0.001). CFU/ml values also differed significantly between microwave-exposed suspensions and those subjected to conventional heating (P < 0.001). The effect was reported to be exacerbated when liquid volume increased from 1 ml to 5 ml during microwave exposure (P < 0.001).

PMID: 9147728

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9147728/

Study type: animal

Biofizika · 1996 · PubMed

Low-intensity microwave exposure was reported to alter agonist binding to brain glutamate and GABA receptors when power density exceeded 50 microW/cm2. Effects were described as dependent on low-frequency modulation, with statistically significant changes in mean binding observed at 16 Hz modulation; glutamate binding increased while GABA binding decreased.

PMID: 8962884

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8962884/

Study type: in_vitro

Life sciences · 1996 · PubMed

Exposure of four Salmonella typhimurium tester strains to alternating electric fields (300 V/in.), magnetic fields (0.3 mT), or combined fields at 60, 600, or 6000 Hz for 48 hours did not affect mutation rates compared with control conditions, either with or without added positive-control mutagens.

DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(96)00291-3 · PMID: 8699937

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8699937/

Study type: exposure_assessment

International journal of occupational medicine and environmental health · 1996 · PubMed

The authors developed and pilot-tested a database structure and operating principles for collecting information on EMF-producing devices used in Poland (0.1–300,000 MHz), including device specifications, EMF intensities, numbers of exposed workers, and exposure levels classified by criteria/standards. The paper describes the database operation diagram and provides examples of report outputs.

PMID: 8776150

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8776150/

Environmental health perspectives · 1996 · PubMed

PMID: 8834854

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8834854/

Study type: exposure_assessment

Bioelectromagnetics · 1996 · PubMed

Daytime and nighttime illuminance averaged 184 and 34 lux, respectively (maximum 747 lux). Magnetic field levels were highly variable, exceeding 1,000 mG close to certain hospital equipment, averaging 1–2 mG at the nurses' workstation, and exceeding 10 mG within incubators.

DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-186x(1996)17:5<396::aid-bem7>3.0.co;2-z · PMID: 8915549

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8915549/

Study type: review

International journal of occupational and environmental health · 1996 · PubMed

Rodent studies have reported a diminished and/or time-shifted nocturnal melatonin peak with exposure to 50/60-Hz electric and/or magnetic fields. Experimental data from primates and humans are described as insufficient to show that similar changes occur in them, and melatonin changes are not considered a verified biologic explanation for reported epidemiologic associations with breast cancer or depressive disorders.

DOI: 10.1179/oeh.1996.2.1.37 · PMID: 9933863

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9933863/

Study type: case_control

Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health · 1996 · PubMed

The study found very small increases in risk of childhood brain tumors associated with paternal occupational EMF exposure prior to conception (OR 1.12 to 1.31). A notably elevated odds ratio was found for paternal welding exposure (OR 3.8, 95% CI 0.95-15.55).

DOI: 10.5271/sjweh.151 · PMID: 8923606

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8923606/

Study type: in_vitro

Radiation research · 1996 · PubMed

Estradiol and xenoestrogens (DDT and Red No. 3) increased Cdk2 and cyclin B1-cdc2 activity and cyclin D1 synthesis, and stimulated estrogen receptor binding to the estrogen response element. Exposure to 60-Hz electromagnetic fields at 12 mG or 1 or 9 G did not stimulate these cell-cycle markers, did not enhance effects of chemical promoters during co-exposure, and showed no effect on p53/pRb phosphorylation, p53 DNA binding, or gene expression in MCF-7 cells.

PMID: 8927716

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8927716/

Science (New York, N.Y.) · 1996 · PubMed

DOI: 10.1126/science.274.5292.1449 · PMID: 8966609

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8966609/

Study type: other

Journal of the neurological sciences · 1996 · PubMed

In a light-stimulus comparison, ICOS detected an effect in 39% (11/28) despite all subjects being aware of the light, implying a 61% false-negative rate. In an EMF-exposed group (0.8 G at 1.5 or 10 Hz), ICOS detected similar brain activity alterations in 58% (11/19); the authors state prior measurements in the same subjects using a different method indicated effects in all subjects, implying a 42% false-negative rate for ICOS with EMF.

DOI: 10.1016/s0022-510x(96)00188-8 · PMID: 8994110

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8994110/

Study type: cohort

Revista de saude publica · 1996 · PubMed

Using proportional mortality analyses of death certificates, all-sites cancer mortality was slightly elevated (PMR 1.11; 95% CI 0.91–1.35). Laryngeal cancer mortality was statistically significantly higher overall (PCMR 2.04; 95% CI 1.05–4.20). In the group with probably higher estimated magnetic-field exposure, excess deaths were reported for bladder cancer (PCMR 4.17; 95% CI 1.35–9.72), brain neoplasms (PCMR 7.7; 95% CI 1.02–9.65), and Hodgkin's disease (PCMR 5.55; 95% CI 1.14–16.21).

DOI: 10.1590/s0034-89101996000600011 · PMID: 9302827

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9302827/

JAMA · 1996 · PubMed

PMID: 8940305

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8940305/

Study type: case_control

Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology · 1996 · PubMed

Using distance from high voltage power lines (HVPL) as a surrogate for EMF exposure, the odds ratio for congenital anomalies was 0.95 (95% CI: 0.45–2.03) with a 100 m cut-point and 1.25 (95% CI: 0.49–3.22) with a 50 m cut-point. The authors report a lack of association between distance to HVPL and the total number of congenital anomalies, and note insufficient power to assess specific anomalies.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3016.1996.tb00023.x · PMID: 8746429

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8746429/

Study type: cohort

Medycyna pracy · 1996 · PubMed

Among workers at AM broadcast stations, exposure to EMF (as characterized for that setting) was associated with a six-fold higher risk of electrographic disturbances detected by resting ECG and 24-hour Holter compared with radio link station workers not exposed to medium wave EMF. In radioservice workers, the risk was reported as twice as high as in link station workers.

PMID: 8760508

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8760508/

Study type: exposure_assessment

Medycyna pracy · 1996 · PubMed

Workplace evaluation found no exposure to EMFs in workers at radio link stations, suggesting they could serve as a control group. Exposure among radioservice and AM broadcast station workers was within allowable regulatory levels, but AM broadcast station workers had several-times higher exposure than radioservice workers.

PMID: 8834592

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8834592/

Study type: animal

Bioelectromagnetics · 1996 · PubMed

Radish showed significantly greater dry stem weight and plant height in EMF-exposed plants versus controls in each EMF experiment; several other weight/size measures were significantly greater in some experiments, and all significant differences indicated increased weight or size with EMF exposure. Mustard showed no response in any measured parameter. Barley showed no response in one experiment, but in another had significantly greater wet root weight and significantly smaller stem diameter and dry seed weight in exposed plants versus controls; sham experiments showed no differences between exposed and control plants.

DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-186x(1996)17:2<154::aid-bem10>3.0.co;2-s · PMID: 8860733

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8860733/

Study type: in_vitro

Industrial health · 1996 · PubMed

Human PBMCs exposed in vitro to 50 Hz EMF at 1, 3, 10, and 30 mT for 3 days showed a significant reduction in TNF-α production at all exposure levels versus non-exposed controls. Significant increases in IL-1β and decreases in IFN-γ were observed at some exposure strengths, while IL-2, IL-6, and IL-10 showed no significant differences.

DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.34.359 · PMID: 8908846

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8908846/

Study type: other

Vestnik Rossiiskoi akademii meditsinskikh nauk · 1996 · PubMed

Experimental work characterized impulses of currents in intact bone tissue and blood vessel walls and reported that the piezoelectric effect was most marked in intact bone tissue. In clinical use, therapy session efficiency was evaluated by normalization of blood circulation in the diseased area and was noted to depend on synchronization of the generated electromagnetic pulse with the patient’s pulse wave. In 13 intact mongrel dogs, an EMF condition described as “EMF 2” was reported to stimulate granulocytopoiesis and elevate platelet counts; the authors propose a mechanism involving rapid effects on nerve structures and vascular smooth muscle, slower effects on blood cells/endothelium, and possible secondary endocrine impacts.

PMID: 8924828

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8924828/

Study type: review

Bioelectromagnetics · 1996 · PubMed

The paper summarizes experimental findings that identical ELF electric and magnetic field parameters can produce stimulatory, inhibitory, or no effects depending on cellular activation status. It presents a qualitative theoretical model in which an EMF-sensitive enzyme system within calcium-regulating signaling pathways, including cooperative steps, can account for activation-dependent and biphasic (stimulation/inhibition) responses; magnetic field effects are discussed in relation to altered enzyme kinetics consistent with a radical-pair mechanism.

DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-186x(1996)17:6<427::aid-bem1>3.0.co;2-5 · PMID: 8986359

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8986359/

Study type: in_vitro

Bulletin et memoires de l'Academie royale de medecine de Belgique · 1996 · PubMed

Human fibroblasts showed a Ca2+ wave after irradiation with a low-intensity EMF (100–900 microT). The number of excited cells increased proportionally with EMF intensity in this range, and induction required a dialysable serum factor and depended on extracellular Ca2+, active tyrosine kinases, and phospholipase C gamma.

PMID: 9058988

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9058988/

Study type: other

Bioelectromagnetics · 1996 · PubMed

Using a parameterized predecision analysis under assumptions of elevated magnetic fields from home grounding systems, the main decision contenders were waiting for more research or taking an inexpensive corrective action (insulating the water pipe to reduce ground current flow). Under the study’s base-case assumptions, waiting was preferred; under more pessimistic parameter values or when psychological concerns were considered, insulating the pipe was preferred.

DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-186x(1996)17:2<71::aid-bem1>3.0.co;2-2 · PMID: 9139635

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9139635/

Study type: randomized_trial

The International journal of neuroscience · 1996 · PubMed

Three Parkinson's disease patients showed an almost 3-fold increase in mean pretreatment pattern reversal VEP amplitude after two successive brief extracerebral applications of picotesla-range, low-frequency electromagnetic fields. One patient also received a placebo EMF treatment that did not produce a significant posttreatment amplitude change.

DOI: 10.3109/00207459608987262 · PMID: 8707479

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8707479/

Study type: meta_analysis

Radiation and environmental biophysics · 1996 · PubMed

Meta-analyses of published studies suggested a marginal association between all childhood cancers combined and EMF exposure assessed by two-level wire code (OR 1.37, 95% CI 0.94–2.00). A significant association was reported for leukemia using this criterion (OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.11–2.49), but not for CNS tumors or lymphomas. Dose-response-like patterns were inconsistently supported: a significant trend across four-level wire code stages was not confirmed after excluding the initial Wertheimer and Leeper study, while analyses using distance to transmission lines and measured/calculated EMFs showed increasing overall cancer risk with higher exposure cut-offs, with individual-diagnosis patterns mainly reflected for brain tumors.

DOI: 10.1007/bf01211237 · PMID: 8907639

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8907639/

Study type: animal

The Science of the total environment · 1996 · PubMed

Rats exposed to RF EMF without frequency modulation (53.53 GHz or 42.19 GHz) showed decreased glycoprotein macromolecules and reduced inflammatory exudation, with lowered total collagen accumulation. In contrast, 42.19 GHz exposure with 200-MHz-wide frequency modulation significantly increased hexoses and especially sialic acid (P < 0.001), indicating intensified exudative phenomena and pronounced accumulation of collagenous proteins. The authors conclude these are non-thermal EMF effects on reparative-proliferative processes in soft tissue wounds.

DOI: 10.1016/0048-9697(95)04917-7 · PMID: 8717318

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8717318/

Study type: animal

Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE · 1996 · PubMed

In viable tissue surrounding radiofrequency current lesions, measured action potential parameters showed no significant differences among preparations. No intracellular action potentials were recorded from lesion surfaces, surrounding tissue was sharply demarcated with unaltered action potential characteristics near lesions, and areas of slow conduction were not observed.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.1996.tb03271.x · PMID: 8945087

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8945087/

Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE · 1996 · PubMed

DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.1996.tb03197.x · PMID: 8946466

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8946466/

Study type: in_vitro

International journal of hyperthermia : the official journal of European Society for Hyperthermic Oncology, North American Hyperthermia Group · 1996 · PubMed

Human carcinoma cells accumulated up to ~1 pg ferrite/cell; ferrite cores were not altered intracellularly but dextran shells were degraded, yielding aggregates. Magnetic fluid hyperthermia (520 kHz, 4–12.5 kA/m) inactivated tumour cells in vitro to a similar extent as waterbath hyperthermia (43–45°C) when extracellular particle distribution was homogeneous. Intracellular dextran magnetite particles excited for 30–180 min in the AC magnetic fields used did not induce cell inactivation; a sensitizer effect of ferrofluids at 43°C was reported.

DOI: 10.3109/02656739609027678 · PMID: 8950152

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8950152/

Study type: animal

The Journal of burn care & rehabilitation · 1996 · PubMed

In rats, wound area and perimeter measures were significantly lower in the PEMF group (20 mT) versus sham controls at days 7, 14, and 21 (p<0.01). Versus topical nitrofurazone, the PEMF group showed significantly lower values at day 21 only (p<0.01).

DOI: 10.1097/00004630-199611000-00009 · PMID: 8951540

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8951540/

Study type: in_vitro

Environmental health perspectives · 1996 · PubMed

A 24-hour continuous 200 microT 60-Hz magnetic field exposure produced negative results in two standard in vitro transformation systems, with or without postexposure to a chemical promoter. Extensive testing in human HL60 cells was negative for a magnetic-field effect on gene expression, and no magnetic-field-induced changes in ornithine decarboxylase expression were observed in C3H/10T1/2 cells under the same exposure conditions.

DOI: 10.1289/ehp.961041188 · PMID: 8959408

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8959408/

The International journal of neuroscience · 1996 · PubMed

DOI: 10.3109/00207459608999813 · PMID: 9003965

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9003965/

Study type: case_report

The International journal of neuroscience · 1996 · PubMed

In a single patient with chronic progressive multiple sclerosis receiving experimental picotesla electromagnetic field treatment three times weekly for 12 months, the report describes symptomatic improvements (including gait, balance, tremor, bowel/bladder function, mood, sleep, cognition, and resolution of several symptoms) and states there was no further disease progression during treatment.

DOI: 10.3109/00207459608999814 · PMID: 9003966

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9003966/

Study type: unknown

The International journal of neuroscience · 1996 · PubMed

After 20 minutes of weak (1 microTesla) burst-firing magnetic field exposure, only the group stimulated over the right temporoparietal lobe showed a marked increase in hypnotic suggestibility (eta = 0.58) compared with other stimulation locations and sham.

DOI: 10.3109/00207459609070838 · PMID: 9003980

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9003980/

Study type: case_report

The International journal of neuroscience · 1996 · PubMed

After two 20-minute treatments with AC pulsed electromagnetic fields (7.5 picotesla, 5 Hz), visuospatial drawing performance improved and the patient’s signature became legible. After two additional 20-minute treatments one week later at 7 Hz, the bicycle drawing was described as larger and more organized, the signature normalized, and motor symptoms reportedly improved with near-complete resolution of tremor and gait initiation/freezing problems.

DOI: 10.3109/00207459609070839 · PMID: 9003981

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9003981/

Study type: review

Computerized medical imaging and graphics : the official journal of the Computerized Medical Imaging Society · 1996 · PubMed

The article overviews MRI sequences used to study human brain function by monitoring localized signal intensity changes accompanying neuronal activity, including sequences sensitized to cerebral blood volume, blood flow, and blood oxygenation. It notes that many such experiments benefit from implementation at higher magnetic field strength than conventional MRI and provides examples of use.

DOI: 10.1016/s0895-6111(96)00044-4 · PMID: 9007214

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9007214/

Study type: in_vitro

Prikladnaia biokhimiia i mikrobiologiia · 1996 · PubMed

Exposure to an electromagnetic field was reported to promote biosynthesis and activity of extracellular proteinase and lectin in Bacillus subtilis 316 M, with 1.5-fold and 4-fold increases in metabolite yield, respectively. The EMF was also reported to activate lectin (~2-fold), increase enzyme activity, and shift enzyme pI from 11.4–11.5 to 9.2–9.3.

PMID: 9011863

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9011863/

Biofizika · 1996 · PubMed

PMID: 9044613

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9044613/

Fiziologiia cheloveka · 1996 · PubMed

PMID: 9053380

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9053380/