Study type: animal

Bioelectromagnetics · 1991 · Manual

Across AC magnetic-field frequencies from 3 to 770 Hz with simultaneous static (10–220 microT) and time-varying (1–20 microT) magnetic fields, no discernible changes in transepithelial current were observed under tested ion-cyclotron resonance conditions for several ions (H+, Li+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-).

DOI: 10.1002/bem.2250120203 · PMID: 2039558

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2039558/

Study type: in_vitro

Radiat Res · 1991 · Manual

Microwave exposure alone (2.45 GHz pulse-modulated at 120 Hz; SAR 0.1, 1, or 4.4 W/kg) had no effect on cell survival or induction of neoplastic transformation. When combined with the tumor promoter TPA (0.1 micrograms/ml), EM-field exposure significantly enhanced neoplastic transformation, with a dose-dependent increase and effects reported as additive with X-ray doses (0.5–1.5 Gy) used as a cocarcinogen.

PMID: 2020740

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2020740/

Study type: animal

Bioelectromagnetics · 1991 · Manual

Mice were exposed to pulsed microwaves (9.4 GHz; 1 microsecond pulses at 1,000/s) with or without concurrent amplitude modulation (14–41 MHz). Without amplitude modulation, the pulsed field did not greatly alter immune responsiveness; with combined pulse-and-amplitude modulation, immune responses showed significant AM-frequency-dependent augmentation or weakening.

DOI: 10.1002/bem.2250120107 · PMID: 2012621

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2012621/

Study type: animal

Fiziologicheskii zhurnal SSSR imeni I. M. Sechenova · 1991 · PubMed

In isolated frog spinal cord exposed to continuous-wave 6.45 GHz microwaves (SAR 0.1–2 W/g), no changes in synaptic transmission or EPSP summation were observed when preparation temperature was kept constant. VHF and conventional heating produced the same effects, supporting a thermal mechanism.

PMID: 1652496

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1652496/

Study type: in_vitro

Bioelectromagnetics · 1991 · PubMed

Microwave radiation did not affect single-channel conductance or channel lifetime beyond what was expected from purely thermal effects based on measured membrane-site temperature. However, the rate of channel formation decreased during exposure, opposite to what would be expected from a purely thermal effect.

DOI: 10.1002/bem.2250120103 · PMID: 1707274

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1707274/

Study type: animal

Bioelectromagnetics · 1991 · PubMed

In mice administered Japanese encephalitis virus, 2.45-GHz continuous-wave microwave exposure (10 min) at 10–50 mW/cm2 produced a dose-dependent increase in JEV-induced lethality. Four daily exposures at 10 or 50 mW/cm2 (SARS approximately 24–98 W/kg) did not change the lethality pattern to subsequent microwave radiation in JEV-exposed animals.

DOI: 10.1002/bem.2250120603 · PMID: 1750827

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1750827/

Study type: animal

The Journal of microwave power and electromagnetic energy : a publication of the International Microwave Power Institute · 1991 · PubMed

Chicken embryos were exposed to continuous-wave 2.45 GHz microwave radiation during incubation (mean power density 3.6 mW/cm2; mean egg SAR 0.8 mW/g per mW/cm2). There was no significant difference in percent fertile eggs hatched between microwave-exposed eggs and conventionally incubated eggs (82.9% vs 87.7%).

DOI: 10.1080/08327823.1991.11688159 · PMID: 1800699

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1800699/

Study type: animal

Radiobiologiia · 1991 · PubMed

Microwave radiation at 61 GHz with a surface power density of about 4 mW/cm2 increased the rate of Ca2+ uptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum in rat heart and skeletal muscle homogenates.

PMID: 1852027

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1852027/

Study type: in_vitro

Biochimica et biophysica acta · 1991 · PubMed

After 10 minutes of exposure, microwave-exposed liposome samples showed a significant increase in permeability (carboxyfluorescein release) compared with samples exposed to heat alone. The effect was observed above the lipid membrane phase transition temperature, with temperature monitored at several points during microwave exposure using a fiberoptic thermometer.

DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(91)90418-8 · PMID: 2025632

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2025632/

Study type: other

Journal of virological methods · 1991 · PubMed

Microwave irradiation was reported as an advantageous alternative to formalin fixation of cells before staining in viral vaccine quantitation assays, allowing avoidance of dangerous chemicals and reducing time and equipment.

DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(91)90044-z · PMID: 1874912

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1874912/

Physical review. A, Atomic, molecular, and optical physics · 1991 · PubMed

DOI: 10.1103/physreva.43.5173 · PMID: 9905646

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9905646/

Study type: in_vitro

Mutation research · 1991 · PubMed

V79 cells exposed to continuous 7.7 GHz radiation at 0.5 mW/cm2 for 15–60 min showed a decrease in colony number related to power density and exposure time. Irradiated cells had a significantly higher frequency of specific chromosome aberrations (dicentric and ring chromosomes) versus controls, and micronuclei were present in irradiated cells.

DOI: 10.1016/0165-7992(91)90054-8 · PMID: 2067554

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2067554/

Study type: animal

International journal of biometeorology · 1991 · PubMed

Fourteen rabbits exposed to 2.1 GHz microwaves (5 mW/cm2) showed significant suppression of peripheral blood T lymphocyte numbers at 2 months and during follow-up compared with sham-exposed rabbits. In a DTH assay, the microwave group showed a larger increase in foot pad thickness than controls.

DOI: 10.1007/bf01087483 · PMID: 1743776

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1743776/

Study type: animal

Radiobiologiia · 1991 · PubMed

In albino rats exposed to microwaves at 500 microW/cm2, the authors report developing a model of adaptive immunity by transferring lymphoid cells from exposed animals. Microwave exposure was reported to cause autoimmune disorders occurring alongside structural and functional disturbances of the hematoencephalic (blood-brain) barrier.

PMID: 1745762

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1745762/

Study type: case_report

The Medical journal of Malaysia · 1991 · PubMed

Three occupationally exposed cases to radio-frequency and microwave radiation presented with multiple non-specific symptoms and alopecia areata. The authors state the alopecia areata was felt to be causally linked to the radiation exposure.

PMID: 1839918

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1839918/

Physical review. B, Condensed matter · 1991 · PubMed

DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.44.8685 · PMID: 9998824

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9998824/

Study type: in_vitro

Bioelectromagnetics · 1991 · PubMed

Across several stabilized temperatures (7.0–43.8 °C), exposure for 5 min to 9.14 GHz continuous-wave microwave radiation was usually associated with increased dog-kidney Na(+), K(+)-ATPase catalytic activity, but at 24.9 °C a 23% decrease was observed. In ouabain-inhibited reactions, the efficacy of ouabain as an inhibitor was reported to be severely diminished by the microwave field.

DOI: 10.1002/bem.2250120302 · PMID: 1649605

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1649605/

Study type: animal

Bioelectromagnetics · 1991 · PubMed

Rats exposed for 10 minutes to 1.25-GHz high-peak-power microwave pulses showed no behavioral effects at lower dose levels, but at the highest dose animals had an average colonic temperature rise of 2.5°C and failed to respond for about 13 minutes post-exposure. After responding resumed, FR and VI animals did not return to baseline performance, while DRL animals showed variable effects; authors concluded effects were thermal in nature.

DOI: 10.1002/bem.2250120306 · PMID: 1854355

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1854355/

Study type: animal

Poultry science · 1991 · PubMed

Chicks operantly conditioned to activate a microwave generator delivering 13 mW/cm2 showed no statistically significant differences versus infrared-bulb controls in plasma corticosterone at 4 weeks, organ weights (spleen, bursa), gross morphology, selected histological parameters (spleen, bursa, adrenal, thyroid), heterophil:lymphocyte ratios, packed cell volume, or total plasma protein (all P > .05).

DOI: 10.3382/ps.0700509 · PMID: 2047344

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2047344/

Study type: animal

Zhurnal evoliutsionnoi biokhimii i fiziologii · 1991 · PubMed

One day after microwave exposure, neuronal activation was observed as increased discharge frequency and increased outburst-form activity. Cyclic outburst activity was absent in exposed embryos but present in controls; changes were reported only in the left hyperstriatum.

PMID: 1767610

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1767610/

Study type: cohort

Arhiv za higijenu rada i toksikologiju · 1991 · PubMed

In 43 radar operators occupationally exposed to low-intensity microwave radiation over four years, several blood cell counts decreased (erythrocytes, reticulocytes, platelets, segmented granulocytes, monocytes) while leucocytes and lymphocytes increased. The reported changes were not pathologically significant and most were reversible.

PMID: 1815491

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1815491/

Study type: case_report

Acupuncture & electro-therapeutics research · 1991 · PubMed

The article summarizes examples of medical problems described as associated with repeated/prolonged exposure to abnormal environmental EMF/EF/MF in bedrooms or workplaces. It also reports that exposing extremities or head to a 10 V/m electric field at 60 Hz for 5 minutes was followed by an abnormal increase of TXB2 and disappearance or significant reduction of acetylcholine for about 5 minutes, with slightly longer duration in those described as having aluminum/lead/mercury deposits.

DOI: 10.3727/036012991816357991 · PMID: 1685623

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1685623/

Study type: animal

Biomedical sciences instrumentation · 1991 · PubMed

Pulsed electromagnetic fields [EMF] and electric fields have been demonstrated to promote osteogenesis and wound healing. Pulsed EMF's have been approved since 1979 by the FDA, and are highly effective in the treatment of non-union fractures. Increased linear growth, cellular proliferation, cAMP and uptake of tritiated thymidine have been documented on short term exposure. Yet the mechanisms and the changes that occur have been difficult to quantify. Fluorescence, light, and electron microscopy were utilized in this study to assess any histological changes in bone. During incubation chick embryos were exposed to magnets oriented in various positions. Controls were oriented similarly using galvanized steel plugs. Field density in the center of the field was measure by a gaussmeter with a transverse probe. Each chick embryo in its magnetic field was isolated from the magnetic fields of ot…

PMID: 2065156

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2065156/

Study type: review

Public health reviews · 1991 · PubMed

Describes a research strategy (California Department of Health Services) for investigating EMF health effects as a complex-mixture/surrogate-exposure problem. Based on preliminary results on the stability of spot measurements and personal monitoring of magnetic field intensity, the author argues that the time integral of magnetic field intensity may not be a prime candidate causal agent of cancer, and proposes an approach for evaluating locations with cancer clusters within a systematic study.

PMID: 1844255

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1844255/

Study type: in_vitro

Environmental and molecular mutagenesis · 1991 · PubMed

Across tested electric current densities (3, 30, 300, 3,000 microA/cm2) with a fixed 2.2 G magnetic field at 60 Hz, growth rate and reproductive integrity of CHO cells and human lymphocytes were consistently reported as unaffected. No effects were reported on genotoxicity endpoints (sister-chromatid exchange, micronuclei) or cytotoxicity-related measures (growth curves, clonogenicity, cell cycle kinetics).

DOI: 10.1002/em.2850170108 · PMID: 1991460

Study URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1991460/