Effects of 3.5 GHz Radiofrequency Radiation on Ghrelin, Nesfatin-1, and Irisin Levels in Diabetic and Healthy Brains
Abstract
Effects of 3.5 GHz Radiofrequency Radiation on Ghrelin, Nesfatin-1, and Irisin Levels in Diabetic and Healthy Brains Bektas H, Algul S, Altindag F, Yegin K, Akdag MZ, Dasdag S. Effects of 3.5 GHz radiofrequency radiation on ghrelin, nesfatin-1, and irisin level in diabetic and healthy brains. J Chem Neuroanat. 2022 Oct 8;126:102168. doi: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2022.102168. Abstract Diabetes, mobile phone use, and obesity have increased simultaneously in recent years. The radiofrequency radiation (RFR) emitted from mobile phones is largely absorbed in the heads of users. With 5 G, which has started to be used in some countries without the necessary precautions being taken, the amount of RFR to which living things are exposed will increase. In this study, the changes in energy homeostasis and redox balance caused by 5 G (3.5 GHz, GSM-modulated) were explored. The effects of RFR on the brains of diabetic and healthy rats were investigated and histopathological analysis was performed. Twenty-eight Wistar albino rats weighing 200-250 g were divided into 4 groups as sham, RFR, diabetes, and RFR+diabetes groups (n = 7). The rats in each group were kept in a plexiglass carousel for 2 h a day for 30 days. While the rats in the experimental groups were exposed to RFR for 2 h a day, the rats in the sham group were kept under the same experimental conditions but with the radiofrequency generator turned off. At the end of the experiment, brain tissues were collected from euthanized rats. Total antioxidant (TAS), total oxidant (TOS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), ghrelin, nesfatin-1, and irisin levels were determined. In addition, histopathological analyses of the brain tissues were performed. The specific absorption rate in the gray matter of the brain was calculated as 323 mW/kg and 195 mW/kg for 1 g and 10 g averaging, respectively. After RFR exposure among diabetic and healthy rats, decreased TAS levels and increased TOS and H2O2 levels were observed in brain tissues. RFR caused increases in ghrelin and irisin and a decrease in nesfatin-1 in the brain. It was also observed that RFR increased the number of degenerated neurons in the hippocampus. Our results indicate that 3.5 GHz RFR causes changes in the energy metabolism and appetite of both healthy and diabetic rats. Thus, 5 G may not be innocent in terms of its biological effects, especially in the presence of diabetes. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
AI evidence extraction
Main findings
In diabetic and healthy rats, 3.5 GHz (GSM-modulated) RFR exposure for 2 h/day over 30 days was associated with decreased TAS and increased TOS and H2O2 in brain tissue. The study reports increased ghrelin and irisin and decreased nesfatin-1 levels in the brain after RFR exposure, along with an increased number of degenerated neurons in the hippocampus.
Outcomes measured
- Total antioxidant status (TAS) in brain tissue
- Total oxidant status (TOS) in brain tissue
- Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in brain tissue
- Ghrelin level in brain tissue
- Nesfatin-1 level in brain tissue
- Irisin level in brain tissue
- Histopathology of brain tissue (hippocampal neuron degeneration)
Limitations
- Animal study; findings may not generalize to humans.
- Small group sizes (n=7 per group).
- Exposure scenario (plexiglass carousel, 2 h/day for 30 days) may not reflect typical human 5G exposures.
- Abstract does not report statistical details (e.g., effect sizes, variability, significance).
Suggested hubs
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5g-policy
(0.74) Study explicitly frames findings in the context of 5G (3.5 GHz) and discusses precaution/risk implications.
View raw extracted JSON
{
"publication_year": null,
"study_type": "animal",
"exposure": {
"band": "RF",
"source": "mobile phone",
"frequency_mhz": 3500,
"sar_wkg": 0.323000000000000009325873406851314939558506011962890625,
"duration": "2 h/day for 30 days"
},
"population": "Wistar albino rats (healthy and diabetic)",
"sample_size": 28,
"outcomes": [
"Total antioxidant status (TAS) in brain tissue",
"Total oxidant status (TOS) in brain tissue",
"Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in brain tissue",
"Ghrelin level in brain tissue",
"Nesfatin-1 level in brain tissue",
"Irisin level in brain tissue",
"Histopathology of brain tissue (hippocampal neuron degeneration)"
],
"main_findings": "In diabetic and healthy rats, 3.5 GHz (GSM-modulated) RFR exposure for 2 h/day over 30 days was associated with decreased TAS and increased TOS and H2O2 in brain tissue. The study reports increased ghrelin and irisin and decreased nesfatin-1 levels in the brain after RFR exposure, along with an increased number of degenerated neurons in the hippocampus.",
"effect_direction": "harm",
"limitations": [
"Animal study; findings may not generalize to humans.",
"Small group sizes (n=7 per group).",
"Exposure scenario (plexiglass carousel, 2 h/day for 30 days) may not reflect typical human 5G exposures.",
"Abstract does not report statistical details (e.g., effect sizes, variability, significance)."
],
"evidence_strength": "low",
"confidence": 0.7800000000000000266453525910037569701671600341796875,
"peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
"stance": "concern",
"stance_confidence": 0.83999999999999996891375531049561686813831329345703125,
"summary": "This rat study examined effects of 3.5 GHz (GSM-modulated) radiofrequency radiation on brain redox markers, appetite/energy-related peptides, and histopathology in healthy and diabetic animals. After 2 h/day exposure for 30 days, the authors report decreased total antioxidant status and increased oxidant markers (TOS, H2O2) in brain tissue. They also report increased ghrelin and irisin, decreased nesfatin-1, and more degenerated hippocampal neurons following exposure.",
"key_points": [
"Twenty-eight Wistar albino rats were assigned to sham, RFR, diabetes, and RFR+diabetes groups (n=7 each).",
"Rats were exposed to 3.5 GHz GSM-modulated RFR for 2 h/day for 30 days, with sham conditions identical but the generator off.",
"The reported SAR in brain gray matter was 323 mW/kg (1 g) and 195 mW/kg (10 g) averaging.",
"RFR exposure was associated with lower TAS and higher TOS and H2O2 in brain tissue in both healthy and diabetic rats.",
"RFR exposure was associated with higher brain ghrelin and irisin and lower nesfatin-1 levels.",
"Histopathology reportedly showed an increased number of degenerated neurons in the hippocampus with RFR exposure.",
"The authors interpret the findings as indicating changes in energy metabolism/appetite and suggest potential biological effects of 5G, particularly with diabetes."
],
"categories": [
"Animal Studies",
"5G / New Radio (Sub-6 GHz)",
"Oxidative Stress",
"Neurology"
],
"tags": [
"3.5 GHz",
"5G",
"GSM-Modulated",
"Specific Absorption Rate",
"Rat Model",
"Diabetes",
"Brain Tissue",
"Oxidative Stress",
"Total Antioxidant Status",
"Total Oxidant Status",
"Hydrogen Peroxide",
"Ghrelin",
"Nesfatin-1",
"Irisin",
"Hippocampus"
],
"keywords": [
"3.5 GHz",
"radiofrequency radiation",
"5G",
"GSM-modulated",
"rat",
"diabetes",
"brain",
"TAS",
"TOS",
"H2O2",
"ghrelin",
"nesfatin-1 (NUCB2-derived peptide-1/2?) and irisin? (as stated: nesfatin-1, irisin)"
],
"suggested_hubs": [
{
"slug": "5g-policy",
"weight": 0.7399999999999999911182158029987476766109466552734375,
"reason": "Study explicitly frames findings in the context of 5G (3.5 GHz) and discusses precaution/risk implications."
}
],
"social": {
"tweet": "Rat study: 3.5 GHz (GSM-modulated) RF exposure (2 h/day, 30 days; brain SAR ~0.195–0.323 W/kg) was associated with higher brain oxidant markers (TOS, H2O2), lower antioxidant status (TAS), altered ghrelin/nesfatin-1/irisin, and more degenerated hippocampal neurons in healthy and diabetic rats.",
"facebook": "In a rat experiment (n=28), researchers exposed animals to 3.5 GHz (GSM-modulated) radiofrequency radiation for 2 hours/day over 30 days and measured brain oxidative stress markers, appetite/energy-related peptides (ghrelin, nesfatin-1, irisin), and brain histology. The abstract reports decreased antioxidant status, increased oxidant markers, altered peptide levels, and more degenerated hippocampal neurons after exposure in both healthy and diabetic rats.",
"linkedin": "Preclinical study (Wistar rats; sham, RF, diabetes, RF+diabetes; n=7/group) evaluated 3.5 GHz GSM-modulated RF exposure (2 h/day for 30 days; brain SAR ~0.195–0.323 W/kg). Reported outcomes included reduced TAS, increased TOS/H2O2, changes in ghrelin/nesfatin-1/irisin, and increased hippocampal neuron degeneration, suggesting RF-associated alterations in redox balance and energy-homeostasis markers in brain tissue."
}
}
AI can be wrong. Always verify against the paper.
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