Investigation of the effects of 2.1 GHz microwave radiation on mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), apoptotic activity and cell viability in human breast fibroblast cells.

Abstract

In the present study we aimed to investigate the effects of 2.1 GHz Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA) modulated Microwave (MW) Radiation on cell survival and apoptotic activity of human breast fibroblast cells. The cell cultures were exposed to W-CDMA modulated MW at 2.1 GHz at a SAR level of 0.607 W/kg for 4 and 24 h. The cell viability was assessed by MTT [3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] method. The percentage of apoptotic cells was analyzed by Annexin V-FITC and PI staining. 5,5',6,6'-Tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'- tetraethylbenzimidazolcarbocyanine iodide (JC-1) was used to measure Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (ΔΨm). sFasL and Fas/APO-1 protein levels were determined by ELISA method. 2.1 GHz MW radiation was shown to be able to inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in human breast fibroblast cells. The cell viability of MW-exposed cells was decreased significantly. The percentages of Annexin V-FITC positive cells were higher in MW groups. ΔΨm was decreased significantly due to MW radiation exposure. However, neither sFas nor FasL level was significantly changed in MW-exposed fibroblast cells. The results of this study showed that 2.1 GHz W-CDMA modulated MW radiation-induced apoptotic cell death via the mitochondrial pathway.

AI evidence extraction

Main findings

Exposure to 2.1 GHz W-CDMA modulated microwave radiation at SAR 0.607 W/kg for 4 and 24 h was associated with significantly decreased cell viability, increased Annexin V-FITC positive cells, and significantly decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) in human breast fibroblast cells. sFas and FasL levels were not significantly changed.

Outcomes measured

• cell viability (MTT)
• apoptosis (Annexin V-FITC/PI)
• mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm; JC-1)
• sFasL level (ELISA)
• Fas/APO-1 level (ELISA)

Limitations

• Sample size not reported in abstract
• In vitro cell culture study; generalizability to humans not addressed in abstract
• Only one SAR level reported in abstract
• Limited exposure durations (4 and 24 h)

Suggested hubs

• mobile-phones (0.6)
  Exposure described as 2.1 GHz W-CDMA modulated microwave radiation, consistent with cellular communication signals.

{
    "study_type": "in_vitro",
    "exposure": {
        "band": "RF",
        "source": null,
        "frequency_mhz": 2100,
        "sar_wkg": 0.6069999999999999840127884453977458178997039794921875,
        "duration": "4 and 24 h"
    },
    "population": "Human breast fibroblast cells (cell culture)",
    "sample_size": null,
    "outcomes": [
        "cell viability (MTT)",
        "apoptosis (Annexin V-FITC/PI)",
        "mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm; JC-1)",
        "sFasL level (ELISA)",
        "Fas/APO-1 level (ELISA)"
    ],
    "main_findings": "Exposure to 2.1 GHz W-CDMA modulated microwave radiation at SAR 0.607 W/kg for 4 and 24 h was associated with significantly decreased cell viability, increased Annexin V-FITC positive cells, and significantly decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) in human breast fibroblast cells. sFas and FasL levels were not significantly changed.",
    "effect_direction": "harm",
    "limitations": [
        "Sample size not reported in abstract",
        "In vitro cell culture study; generalizability to humans not addressed in abstract",
        "Only one SAR level reported in abstract",
        "Limited exposure durations (4 and 24 h)"
    ],
    "evidence_strength": "low",
    "confidence": 0.7800000000000000266453525910037569701671600341796875,
    "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
    "keywords": [
        "2.1 GHz",
        "W-CDMA",
        "microwave radiation",
        "RF",
        "SAR",
        "human breast fibroblast cells",
        "cell viability",
        "apoptosis",
        "Annexin V",
        "mitochondrial membrane potential",
        "JC-1",
        "sFasL",
        "Fas/APO-1"
    ],
    "suggested_hubs": [
        {
            "slug": "mobile-phones",
            "weight": 0.59999999999999997779553950749686919152736663818359375,
            "reason": "Exposure described as 2.1 GHz W-CDMA modulated microwave radiation, consistent with cellular communication signals."
        }
    ]
}

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