Slow and rapid responses to CW and pulsed microwave radiation by individual Aplysia pacemakers.

Abstract

Specific absorption rates (SARs) of microwave energy that altered firing rates were determined for individual pacemaker neurons in the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia californica. A stripline apparatus provided both for artifact-free recording of transmembrane potentials and for precise determination of the rate of absorption of microwave energy. Exposure for two to three minutes at an SAR of only a few mW/g was capable of changing the firing rate of some pacemakers. Two types of responses were observed. The response that was seen in all neurons developed slowly, reaching a steady state in one to three minutes. The other response was seen in a few neurons and occurred within five seconds from the onset of irradiation. Similar responses were obtained for two microwave frequencies, 1.5 and 2.45 GHz. Pulsed radiation induced rapid changes of firing rate more readily than did CW radiation at the same SAR. A convective heating scheme was used to study the effects of temperature changes on the pacemakers' firing rates. Since all of the responses are not readily explained by general heating of the preparation, alternate mechanisms are suggested for the observed effects.

AI evidence extraction

Main findings

Microwave exposure for 2–3 minutes at SARs of only a few mW/g changed the firing rate of some Aplysia pacemaker neurons. Two response types were reported: a slow response in all neurons reaching steady state in 1–3 minutes, and a rapid response in a few neurons occurring within 5 seconds of irradiation onset. Similar responses were observed at 1.5 and 2.45 GHz, and pulsed radiation induced rapid firing-rate changes more readily than continuous-wave radiation at the same SAR; responses were not readily explained by general heating based on convective heating comparisons.

Outcomes measured

• Pacemaker neuron firing rate
• Transmembrane potentials
• Temperature-related effects on firing rate

Limitations

• Sample size not reported in the abstract
• Exact SAR values not specified beyond 'a few mW/g'
• Animal/invertebrate neuron preparation; generalizability to humans not addressed
• Mechanistic interpretation not established; heating not fully explanatory but alternatives not detailed in abstract

{
    "study_type": "animal",
    "exposure": {
        "band": "microwave",
        "source": null,
        "frequency_mhz": null,
        "sar_wkg": null,
        "duration": "2–3 minutes"
    },
    "population": "Pacemaker neurons in the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia californica",
    "sample_size": null,
    "outcomes": [
        "Pacemaker neuron firing rate",
        "Transmembrane potentials",
        "Temperature-related effects on firing rate"
    ],
    "main_findings": "Microwave exposure for 2–3 minutes at SARs of only a few mW/g changed the firing rate of some Aplysia pacemaker neurons. Two response types were reported: a slow response in all neurons reaching steady state in 1–3 minutes, and a rapid response in a few neurons occurring within 5 seconds of irradiation onset. Similar responses were observed at 1.5 and 2.45 GHz, and pulsed radiation induced rapid firing-rate changes more readily than continuous-wave radiation at the same SAR; responses were not readily explained by general heating based on convective heating comparisons.",
    "effect_direction": "mixed",
    "limitations": [
        "Sample size not reported in the abstract",
        "Exact SAR values not specified beyond 'a few mW/g'",
        "Animal/invertebrate neuron preparation; generalizability to humans not addressed",
        "Mechanistic interpretation not established; heating not fully explanatory but alternatives not detailed in abstract"
    ],
    "evidence_strength": "low",
    "confidence": 0.7399999999999999911182158029987476766109466552734375,
    "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
    "keywords": [
        "Aplysia californica",
        "pacemaker neurons",
        "microwave radiation",
        "continuous wave",
        "pulsed radiation",
        "SAR",
        "firing rate",
        "abdominal ganglion",
        "stripline apparatus",
        "temperature control"
    ],
    "suggested_hubs": []
}

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