Impact of various electromagnetic fields on the transdermal permeability of naproxen and the effect of active compound exposure on magnetic field properties.

Abstract

Transdermal drug delivery systems present a promising alternative to oral administration, though improving skin permeability of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) remains challenging. This study examines how various electromagnetic fields (EMFs) affect the transdermal permeability of naproxen (NAP) and its physicochemical properties. Using pigskin as a model, NAP permeability was tested under oscillating, pulsed, static, and rotating magnetic fields (RMF), compared to a control group without EMF exposure. The results show significant differences in NAP permeability depending on EMF type, with RMF at 50 Hz yielding the highest cumulative permeation mass (CPM) of 1461.40 ± 256.15 µg/cm, compared to 267.57 ± 41.74 µg/cm for the control. RMF 50 Hz also maximized steady-state flux (J) and permeability coefficient (K), highlighting its potential for enhanced transdermal delivery. Conversely, static magnetic fields with negative polarization reduced permeation, showing a complex interaction between magnetic fields and skin permeability. The study also found that RMF treatments lowered NAP skin accumulation, improving permeation efficiency. Physicochemical analyses (FTIR, XRD, solubility, and lipophilicity) revealed that while EMF exposure did not significantly change NAP's crystal structure, it did affect solubility and partition coefficient. This research highlights the potential of optimizing EMF parameters to enhance transdermal drug delivery and provides insights into the physicochemical interactions between EMFs and active compounds. The findings suggest that rotating magnetic fields, particularly at 50 Hz, offer the most significant improvement in drug permeability, which could be beneficial for developing advanced transdermal delivery systems.

AI evidence extraction

Main findings

Using pigskin, naproxen permeability differed significantly by EMF type. Rotating magnetic field (RMF) at 50 Hz produced the highest cumulative permeation mass (1461.40 ± 256.15 µg/cm) versus control without EMF (267.57 ± 41.74 µg/cm), and also maximized steady-state flux and permeability coefficient; RMF lowered naproxen skin accumulation. Static magnetic fields with negative polarization reduced permeation, and EMF exposure did not significantly change crystal structure but affected solubility and partition coefficient.

Outcomes measured

• Transdermal permeability of naproxen (cumulative permeation mass)
• Steady-state flux (J)
• Permeability coefficient (K)
• Naproxen skin accumulation
• Physicochemical properties of naproxen (FTIR, XRD, solubility, lipophilicity/partition coefficient)

Suggested hubs

• engineering (0.55)
  Study tests different magnetic field modalities to modify transdermal drug permeation and physicochemical properties.

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    "study_type": "in_vitro",
    "exposure": {
        "band": "ELF",
        "source": "magnetic field (oscillating, pulsed, static, rotating)",
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        "sar_wkg": null,
        "duration": null
    },
    "population": null,
    "sample_size": null,
    "outcomes": [
        "Transdermal permeability of naproxen (cumulative permeation mass)",
        "Steady-state flux (J)",
        "Permeability coefficient (K)",
        "Naproxen skin accumulation",
        "Physicochemical properties of naproxen (FTIR, XRD, solubility, lipophilicity/partition coefficient)"
    ],
    "main_findings": "Using pigskin, naproxen permeability differed significantly by EMF type. Rotating magnetic field (RMF) at 50 Hz produced the highest cumulative permeation mass (1461.40 ± 256.15 µg/cm) versus control without EMF (267.57 ± 41.74 µg/cm), and also maximized steady-state flux and permeability coefficient; RMF lowered naproxen skin accumulation. Static magnetic fields with negative polarization reduced permeation, and EMF exposure did not significantly change crystal structure but affected solubility and partition coefficient.",
    "effect_direction": "mixed",
    "limitations": [],
    "evidence_strength": "low",
    "confidence": 0.7399999999999999911182158029987476766109466552734375,
    "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
    "keywords": [
        "transdermal drug delivery",
        "naproxen",
        "pigskin",
        "electromagnetic fields",
        "magnetic fields",
        "rotating magnetic field",
        "50 Hz",
        "permeability",
        "steady-state flux",
        "permeability coefficient",
        "FTIR",
        "XRD",
        "solubility",
        "lipophilicity",
        "partition coefficient"
    ],
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            "weight": 0.5500000000000000444089209850062616169452667236328125,
            "reason": "Study tests different magnetic field modalities to modify transdermal drug permeation and physicochemical properties."
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