Eotaxin‑1 and MCP‑1 serve as circulating indicators in response to power frequency electromagnetic field exposure in mice.

Abstract

The increasing public concern regarding the potential health risks of exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) has led to intensive research in this area. However, it remains unclear whether potential pro‑oncogenic effects may be caused by power frequency EMF (PFEMF) exposure. To address the associated risk factors, the present study exposed 4‑week old Balb/c mice to 0, 0.1, 0.5 and 2.5 mT of constant 50 Hz Helmholtz coil‑type PFEMF for 90 days to explore the circulating chemokine indicators that may be associated with inflammation or cancer. No measurable weight difference existed between the control and PFEMF‑exposure groups; however, the Luminex assay clearly demonstrated differentially responsive profiles of circulating chemokines upon PFEMF treatment. Monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)‑3, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)‑1α, MIP‑1β and MIP‑2 levels in serum were not significantly altered by PFEMF during the 3‑month exposure period; however, the circulating levels of other chemokines including IP‑10, GROα, RANTES, EOTAXIN‑1 and MCP‑1 exhibited significant changes upon treatment. Among the responsive chemokines, EOTAXIN‑1 and MCP‑1 were significantly increased by 0.5 mT of PFEMF treatment, which may support their use as indicators of PFEMF exposure. This novel finding highlights the potential pro‑inflammatory nature of power frequency, which may shed light on the mechanisms underlying PFEMF‑induced diseases, including cancer.

AI evidence extraction

Main findings

Mice exposed to constant 50 Hz PFEMF (0.1, 0.5, 2.5 mT) for 90 days showed no measurable body weight differences versus controls. Several serum chemokines (IP-10, GROα, RANTES, EOTAXIN-1, MCP-1) changed significantly with PFEMF exposure, and EOTAXIN-1 and MCP-1 were significantly increased at 0.5 mT; MCP-3, MIP-1α, MIP-1β and MIP-2 were not significantly altered.

Outcomes measured

• Body weight
• Serum circulating chemokine levels (Luminex): MCP-3, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MIP-2, IP-10, GROα, RANTES, EOTAXIN-1, MCP-1

Limitations

• Sample size not reported in abstract
• Statistical details (effect sizes, exact p-values) not provided in abstract
• Animal model; findings may not generalize to humans
• Chemokine changes reported; no direct cancer or clinical disease outcomes measured in abstract

Suggested hubs

• occupational-exposure (0.32)
  Study examines power-frequency (50 Hz) magnetic field exposure levels relevant to ELF exposure contexts, though conducted in mice.

{
    "study_type": "animal",
    "exposure": {
        "band": "ELF",
        "source": "Helmholtz coil-type power frequency electromagnetic field (PFEMF)",
        "frequency_mhz": null,
        "sar_wkg": null,
        "duration": "90 days (3-month exposure period); constant 50 Hz; 0, 0.1, 0.5, 2.5 mT"
    },
    "population": "4-week old Balb/c mice",
    "sample_size": null,
    "outcomes": [
        "Body weight",
        "Serum circulating chemokine levels (Luminex): MCP-3, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MIP-2, IP-10, GROα, RANTES, EOTAXIN-1, MCP-1"
    ],
    "main_findings": "Mice exposed to constant 50 Hz PFEMF (0.1, 0.5, 2.5 mT) for 90 days showed no measurable body weight differences versus controls. Several serum chemokines (IP-10, GROα, RANTES, EOTAXIN-1, MCP-1) changed significantly with PFEMF exposure, and EOTAXIN-1 and MCP-1 were significantly increased at 0.5 mT; MCP-3, MIP-1α, MIP-1β and MIP-2 were not significantly altered.",
    "effect_direction": "mixed",
    "limitations": [
        "Sample size not reported in abstract",
        "Statistical details (effect sizes, exact p-values) not provided in abstract",
        "Animal model; findings may not generalize to humans",
        "Chemokine changes reported; no direct cancer or clinical disease outcomes measured in abstract"
    ],
    "evidence_strength": "low",
    "confidence": 0.7800000000000000266453525910037569701671600341796875,
    "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
    "keywords": [
        "power frequency electromagnetic field",
        "PFEMF",
        "50 Hz",
        "Helmholtz coil",
        "Balb/c mice",
        "chemokines",
        "EOTAXIN-1",
        "MCP-1",
        "inflammation",
        "Luminex"
    ],
    "suggested_hubs": [
        {
            "slug": "occupational-exposure",
            "weight": 0.320000000000000006661338147750939242541790008544921875,
            "reason": "Study examines power-frequency (50 Hz) magnetic field exposure levels relevant to ELF exposure contexts, though conducted in mice."
        }
    ]
}

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