AI-based optimization of EM radiation estimates from GSM base stations using traffic data

Abstract

AI-based optimization of EM radiation estimates from GSM base stations using traffic data Lal R, Singh RK, Nishad DK, et al. AI-based optimization of EM radiation estimates from GSM base stations using traffic data. Discov Appl Sci 6, 655 (2024). doi: 10.1007/s42452-024-06395-y Abstract The fast expansion of mobile networks has sparked worries regarding base station EM radiation's health impacts. Traffic load is commonly ignored when evaluating EM radiation levels using maximum power output. This study proposes utilizing AI and ML on real network traffic data to optimize GSM base station EM radiation estimations. We obtained EM radiation measurements and traffic data from selecting GSM base stations by location and configuration. To predict EM radiation levels, traffic patterns were used to train linear regression, random forests, and neural networks. Base stations were clustered by radiation profile using unsupervised learning. Considering regulatory restrictions and measurement feasibility, an optimization methodology was created to minimize EM radiation estimate inaccuracy. The results show better prediction accuracy than power-based estimations and high generalisability across base station types. Site-specific factors influenced daily EM radiation patterns after clustering. EM radiation levels can be monitored using traffic data and the optimized AI/ML model. This research helps telecom operators and regulators analyze EM radiation more accurately and efficiently. Future projects should include 5G and small cell network extensions and intelligent city platform integration. The suggested method develops data-driven, AI-powered Public Safety and mobile network trust solutions. Open access paper: link.springer.com

AI evidence extraction

Main findings

Using real network traffic data, AI/ML models (linear regression, random forests, neural networks) predicted GSM base station EM radiation levels with better accuracy than maximum power-based estimations and showed high generalisability across base station types. Unsupervised clustering indicated site-specific factors influenced daily EM radiation patterns.

Outcomes measured

• Accuracy of EM radiation level estimation/prediction from GSM base stations using traffic data and AI/ML
• Clustering of base stations by radiation profile
• Optimization to minimize EM radiation estimate inaccuracy under regulatory/feasibility constraints

Limitations

• Frequency, measurement units, and exposure metrics are not specified in the abstract
• Number of base stations/measurements and study setting details are not reported in the abstract
• No health outcomes were assessed; focus is on exposure estimation methodology
• Future work noted to extend to 5G and small cells, implying current work is limited to GSM base stations

Suggested hubs

• occupational-exposure (0.1)

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    "exposure": {
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        "source": "base station",
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    },
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    "sample_size": null,
    "outcomes": [
        "Accuracy of EM radiation level estimation/prediction from GSM base stations using traffic data and AI/ML",
        "Clustering of base stations by radiation profile",
        "Optimization to minimize EM radiation estimate inaccuracy under regulatory/feasibility constraints"
    ],
    "main_findings": "Using real network traffic data, AI/ML models (linear regression, random forests, neural networks) predicted GSM base station EM radiation levels with better accuracy than maximum power-based estimations and showed high generalisability across base station types. Unsupervised clustering indicated site-specific factors influenced daily EM radiation patterns.",
    "effect_direction": "unclear",
    "limitations": [
        "Frequency, measurement units, and exposure metrics are not specified in the abstract",
        "Number of base stations/measurements and study setting details are not reported in the abstract",
        "No health outcomes were assessed; focus is on exposure estimation methodology",
        "Future work noted to extend to 5G and small cells, implying current work is limited to GSM base stations"
    ],
    "evidence_strength": "insufficient",
    "confidence": 0.7399999999999999911182158029987476766109466552734375,
    "peer_reviewed_likely": "unknown",
    "keywords": [
        "GSM",
        "base stations",
        "EM radiation",
        "RF exposure assessment",
        "traffic load",
        "machine learning",
        "artificial intelligence",
        "linear regression",
        "random forests",
        "neural networks",
        "unsupervised learning",
        "clustering",
        "regulatory restrictions"
    ],
    "suggested_hubs": [
        {
            "slug": "occupational-exposure",
            "weight": 0.1000000000000000055511151231257827021181583404541015625,
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