Review of the evidence on the influence of Wi-Fi 2.4 GHz radiation on oxidative stress and its possible relationship with Alzheimer's disease

Abstract

Category: Neuroscience Tags: Wi-Fi, oxidative stress, Alzheimer's disease, electromagnetic fields, neurodegeneration, gene regulation, chronic exposure DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2025.1616435 URL: frontiersin.org Overview There is currently no scientific consensus on whether wireless communication systems, such as 2.4 and 5 GHz Wi-Fi, play a crucial role in the development of Alzheimer's disease through oxidative stress. Numerous studies have linked oxidative stress to exposure to electromagnetic radiation from wireless systems in various biological contexts. However, these studies have not established a direct connection to neurodegenerative diseases. Background Research on Alzheimer's disease and oxidative stress is an active field in neuroscience and medicine, as oxidative stress involves an imbalance between the production of free radicals and the antioxidant system's ability to neutralize them, leading to cellular and neuronal damage. Alzheimer's disease is multifactorial, generally resulting from a complex interaction of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Findings The relationship between wireless systems such as Wi-Fi and oxidative stress, as well as its possible link to Alzheimer's disease, is under ongoing debate and research within the scientific community. Although some studies have explored this possible association, the results remain mixed and inconclusive. The study presented here focuses on indirectly analyzing the relationship between genes that respond to oxidative stress upon exposure to Wi-Fi 2.4 GHz electromagnetic waves and genes associated with the development of Alzheimer's disease. - Modification of key genes involved in neurodegeneration, such as GSK3B and APOE, could be exacerbated by prolonged exposure to Wi-Fi 2.4 GHz radiation. - More research is needed to clarify the potential risks associated with electromagnetic radiation and its impact on neuronal health and the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Conclusion Exposure to 2.4 GHz electromagnetic fields emitted by Wi-Fi devices could have an indirect impact on the regulation of genes involved in Alzheimer's disease, particularly those related to oxidative stress and cellular homeostasis. Although a direct relationship has not been demonstrated, current findings suggest that the alteration of genes such as GSK3B and APOE, which are fundamental in neurodegeneration, could be exacerbated by chronic exposure to this radiation. Future research should address this hypothesis to better understand the possible risks associated with EMF exposure, especially regarding neuronal health and Alzheimer's disease development.

AI evidence extraction

Main findings

The review states there is no scientific consensus and that results are mixed and inconclusive regarding whether Wi‑Fi (2.4/5 GHz) contributes to Alzheimer’s disease via oxidative stress. It focuses on an indirect analysis of overlap/relationships between genes responsive to oxidative stress after Wi‑Fi 2.4 GHz exposure and genes associated with Alzheimer’s disease, suggesting chronic exposure could indirectly affect regulation of genes such as GSK3B and APOE, while noting a direct relationship has not been demonstrated.

Outcomes measured

• oxidative stress
• Alzheimer's disease
• gene regulation (oxidative-stress-responsive genes)
• neurodegeneration-related genes (e.g., GSK3B, APOE)

Limitations

• No scientific consensus reported; evidence described as mixed and inconclusive.
• Direct connection between wireless EMF exposure and neurodegenerative diseases is stated as not established/demonstrated.
• Conclusions framed as indirect analysis/hypothesis requiring further research.

Suggested hubs

• school-wi-fi (0.86)
  Paper explicitly reviews Wi‑Fi (2.4/5 GHz) radiation and biological effects.

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        "frequency_mhz": 2400,
        "sar_wkg": null,
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    "outcomes": [
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        "gene regulation (oxidative-stress-responsive genes)",
        "neurodegeneration-related genes (e.g., GSK3B, APOE)"
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    "main_findings": "The review states there is no scientific consensus and that results are mixed and inconclusive regarding whether Wi‑Fi (2.4/5 GHz) contributes to Alzheimer’s disease via oxidative stress. It focuses on an indirect analysis of overlap/relationships between genes responsive to oxidative stress after Wi‑Fi 2.4 GHz exposure and genes associated with Alzheimer’s disease, suggesting chronic exposure could indirectly affect regulation of genes such as GSK3B and APOE, while noting a direct relationship has not been demonstrated.",
    "effect_direction": "mixed",
    "limitations": [
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        "Conclusions framed as indirect analysis/hypothesis requiring further research."
    ],
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    "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
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        "oxidative stress",
        "Alzheimer's disease",
        "neurodegeneration",
        "gene regulation",
        "GSK3B",
        "APOE",
        "chronic exposure"
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