Evaluation of Mobile Phone and Cordless Phone Use and Glioma Risk Using the Bradford Hill Viewpoints from 1965 on Association or Causation

Abstract

Evaluation of Mobile Phone and Cordless Phone Use and Glioma Risk Using the Bradford Hill Viewpoints from 1965 on Association or Causation Carlberg M, Hardell L. Evaluation of Mobile Phone and Cordless Phone Use and Glioma Risk Using the Bradford Hill Viewpoints from 1965 on Association or Causation. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:9218486. doi: 10.1155/2017/9218486. Abstract Objective. Bradford Hill's viewpoints from 1965 on association or causation were used on glioma risk and use of mobile or cordless phones. Methods. All nine viewpoints were evaluated based on epidemiology and laboratory studies. Results. Strength: meta-analysis of case-control studies gave odds ratio (OR) = 1.90, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.31-2.76 with highest cumulative exposure. Consistency: the risk increased with latency, meta- analysis gave in the 10+ years' latency group OR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.20-2.19. Specificity: increased risk for glioma was in the temporal lobe. Using meningioma cases as comparison group still increased the risk. Temporality: highest risk was in the 20+ years' latency group, OR = 2.01, 95% CI =1.41-2.88, for wireless phones. Biological gradient: cumulative use of wireless phones increased the risk. Plausibility: animal studies showed an increased incidence of glioma and malignant schwannoma in rats exposed to radiofrequency (RF) radiation. There is increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from RF radiation. Coherence: there is a change in the natural history of glioma and increasing incidence. Experiment: antioxidants reduced ROS production from RF radiation. Analogy: there is an increased risk in subjects exposed to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields. Conclusion. RF radiation should be regarded as a human carcinogen causing glioma. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

AI evidence extraction

Main findings

Meta-analysis of case-control studies showed increased glioma risk with highest cumulative exposure (OR=1.90) and increased risk with longer latency (10+ years OR=1.62; 20+ years OR=2.01). Risk was specific to temporal lobe. Animal studies showed increased glioma incidence and ROS production from RF exposure. Antioxidants reduced ROS production. Evidence supports RF radiation as a human carcinogen causing glioma.

Outcomes measured

• glioma risk

Suggested hubs

• who-icnirp (0.9)
  Study evaluates RF radiation carcinogenicity relevant to WHO/ICNIRP guidelines.

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    "study_type": "meta_analysis",
    "exposure": {
        "band": "RF",
        "source": "mobile phone, cordless phone",
        "frequency_mhz": null,
        "sar_wkg": null,
        "duration": "10+ years latency, 20+ years latency, cumulative use"
    },
    "population": null,
    "sample_size": null,
    "outcomes": [
        "glioma risk"
    ],
    "main_findings": "Meta-analysis of case-control studies showed increased glioma risk with highest cumulative exposure (OR=1.90) and increased risk with longer latency (10+ years OR=1.62; 20+ years OR=2.01). Risk was specific to temporal lobe. Animal studies showed increased glioma incidence and ROS production from RF exposure. Antioxidants reduced ROS production. Evidence supports RF radiation as a human carcinogen causing glioma.",
    "effect_direction": "harm",
    "limitations": [],
    "evidence_strength": "moderate",
    "confidence": 0.8000000000000000444089209850062616169452667236328125,
    "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
    "keywords": [
        "glioma",
        "mobile phone",
        "cordless phone",
        "radiofrequency radiation",
        "Bradford Hill criteria",
        "carcinogen"
    ],
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            "slug": "who-icnirp",
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            "reason": "Study evaluates RF radiation carcinogenicity relevant to WHO/ICNIRP guidelines."
        }
    ]
}

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