New-generation electronic appliances and cardiac implantable electronic devices: a systematic

Abstract

New-generation electronic appliances and cardiac implantable electronic devices: a systematic literature review of mechanisms and in vivo studies Kewcharoen J, Shah K, Bhardwaj R, Contractor T, Turagam MK, Mandapati R, Lakkireddy D, Garg J. New- generation electronic appliances and cardiac implantable electronic devices: a systematic literature review of mechanisms and in vivo studies. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2024 Mar 5. doi: 10.1007/s10840-024-01777-z. Abstract Introduction: Cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) functions are susceptible to electromagnetic interference (EMI) from electromagnetic fields (EMF). Data on EMI risks from new-generation electronic appliances (EA) are limited. Objective: We performed a systematic literature review on the mechanisms of EMI, current evidence, and recently published trials evaluating the effect of EMF on CIEDs from electric vehicles (EV), smartphone, and smartwatch technology and summarize its safety data. Methods: Electronic databases, including PubMed and EMBASE, were searched for in vivo studies evaluating EMF strength and incidence between CIEDs and commercial EVs, new-generation smartphones, and new-generation smartwatches. Results: A total of ten studies (three on EVs, five on smartphones, one on smartphones, one on smartphones and smartwatches) were included in our systematic review. There was no report of EMI incidence associated with EVs or smartwatches. Magnet-containing smartphones (iPhone 12) can cause EMI when placed directly over CIEDs - thereby triggering the magnet mode; otherwise, no report of EMI was observed with other positions or smartphone models. Conclusion: Current evidence suggests CIED recipients are safe from general interaction with EVs/HEVs, smartphones, and smartwatches. Strictly, results may only be applied to commercial brands or models tested in the published studies. There is limited data on EMI risk from EVs wireless charging and smartphones with MagSafe technology. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

AI evidence extraction

Main findings

Ten in vivo studies were included (EVs, smartphones, smartwatches). No EMI incidence was reported with EVs or smartwatches. Magnet-containing smartphones (iPhone 12) could cause EMI when placed directly over CIEDs, triggering magnet mode; otherwise no EMI was observed with other positions or smartphone models.

Outcomes measured

• Electromagnetic interference (EMI) incidence with CIEDs
• EMF strength in relation to CIEDs
• Triggering of magnet mode in CIEDs

Limitations

• Limited data on EMI risks from new-generation electronic appliances
• Findings may only apply to the specific commercial brands/models tested in included studies
• Limited data on EMI risk from EV wireless charging
• Limited data on EMI risk from smartphones with MagSafe technology

Suggested hubs

• smart-meters (0)
• occupational-exposure (0)

{
    "study_type": "systematic_review",
    "exposure": {
        "band": null,
        "source": "electric vehicles; smartphones; smartwatches",
        "frequency_mhz": null,
        "sar_wkg": null,
        "duration": null
    },
    "population": "CIED recipients (cardiac implantable electronic device users)",
    "sample_size": null,
    "outcomes": [
        "Electromagnetic interference (EMI) incidence with CIEDs",
        "EMF strength in relation to CIEDs",
        "Triggering of magnet mode in CIEDs"
    ],
    "main_findings": "Ten in vivo studies were included (EVs, smartphones, smartwatches). No EMI incidence was reported with EVs or smartwatches. Magnet-containing smartphones (iPhone 12) could cause EMI when placed directly over CIEDs, triggering magnet mode; otherwise no EMI was observed with other positions or smartphone models.",
    "effect_direction": "mixed",
    "limitations": [
        "Limited data on EMI risks from new-generation electronic appliances",
        "Findings may only apply to the specific commercial brands/models tested in included studies",
        "Limited data on EMI risk from EV wireless charging",
        "Limited data on EMI risk from smartphones with MagSafe technology"
    ],
    "evidence_strength": "low",
    "confidence": 0.7800000000000000266453525910037569701671600341796875,
    "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
    "keywords": [
        "cardiac implantable electronic devices",
        "CIED",
        "electromagnetic interference",
        "EMI",
        "electromagnetic fields",
        "EMF",
        "electric vehicles",
        "EV",
        "hybrid electric vehicles",
        "smartphone",
        "smartwatch",
        "MagSafe",
        "iPhone 12",
        "magnet mode"
    ],
    "suggested_hubs": [
        {
            "slug": "smart-meters",
            "weight": 0,
            "reason": null
        },
        {
            "slug": "occupational-exposure",
            "weight": 0,
            "reason": null
        }
    ]
}

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