Network-Scale Impact of Vegetation Loss on Coverage and Exposure for 5G Networks

Abstract

Network-Scale Impact of Vegetation Loss on Coverage and Exposure for 5G Networks Schampheleer J, Huss A, Deruyck M. Network-Scale Impact of Vegetation Loss on Coverage and Exposure for 5G Networks. IEEE Access, vol. 13: 23902-23912, 2025, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3538054. Abstract This study investigates the effects of vegetation on 5G network performance, with a particular focus on coverage, user exposure, and base station deployment strategies in an urban environment (Utrecht, The Netherlands). This is the first study to perform network planning simulations that account for vegetation and building-induced propagation challenges on a city-wide scale, providing understanding of their effects on 5G network performance and exposure. The study also explores the influence of user height, examining how vegetation’s blocking and shielding effects vary with user height. By evaluating both sub- 6 GHz and mmWave networks under various simulated scenarios, the research qualifies the dual role of vegetation as both a coverage barrier and a mitigator of user exposure. Key findings include a significant 14.71% reduction in coverage for sub-6 GHz networks in the presence of vegetation and a 42.98% decrease in downlink whole-body SAR in mmWave networks due to vegetation’s shielding effects. Flexible base station placement is shown to effectively counteract coverage losses while maintaining stable exposure metrics, but mmWave networks remain highly sensitive to environmental obstructions. These findings emphasize the importance of incorporating vegetation and other environmental factors into network planning, especially for high-frequency 5G networks, to ensure optimal performance and limit user exposure. Open access paper: ieeexplore.ieee.org

AI evidence extraction

Main findings

Using city-wide network planning simulations for Utrecht (The Netherlands), vegetation was associated with a 14.71% reduction in coverage for sub-6 GHz networks. Vegetation was also associated with a 42.98% decrease in downlink whole-body SAR in mmWave networks, consistent with a shielding effect; flexible base station placement could counteract coverage losses while maintaining stable exposure metrics, and mmWave networks were described as highly sensitive to environmental obstructions.

Outcomes measured

• Coverage (network coverage)
• User exposure
• Downlink whole-body SAR
• Base station deployment strategies
• Sensitivity to environmental obstructions
• Effect of user height on blocking/shielding

Limitations

• Simulation-based study (network planning simulations) rather than measurements in humans
• Urban environment limited to Utrecht (The Netherlands) in the scenarios described
• Specific modeling assumptions for vegetation/building propagation and user height effects are not detailed in the abstract

Suggested hubs

• 5g-policy (0.62)
  Study explicitly evaluates 5G (sub-6 GHz and mmWave) coverage and exposure implications relevant to 5G deployment planning.

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    "sample_size": null,
    "outcomes": [
        "Coverage (network coverage)",
        "User exposure",
        "Downlink whole-body SAR",
        "Base station deployment strategies",
        "Sensitivity to environmental obstructions",
        "Effect of user height on blocking/shielding"
    ],
    "main_findings": "Using city-wide network planning simulations for Utrecht (The Netherlands), vegetation was associated with a 14.71% reduction in coverage for sub-6 GHz networks. Vegetation was also associated with a 42.98% decrease in downlink whole-body SAR in mmWave networks, consistent with a shielding effect; flexible base station placement could counteract coverage losses while maintaining stable exposure metrics, and mmWave networks were described as highly sensitive to environmental obstructions.",
    "effect_direction": "mixed",
    "limitations": [
        "Simulation-based study (network planning simulations) rather than measurements in humans",
        "Urban environment limited to Utrecht (The Netherlands) in the scenarios described",
        "Specific modeling assumptions for vegetation/building propagation and user height effects are not detailed in the abstract"
    ],
    "evidence_strength": "low",
    "confidence": 0.7399999999999999911182158029987476766109466552734375,
    "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
    "keywords": [
        "5G",
        "vegetation",
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        "urban environment",
        "Utrecht",
        "sub-6 GHz",
        "mmWave",
        "coverage",
        "user exposure",
        "whole-body SAR",
        "base station placement",
        "propagation",
        "environmental obstructions",
        "user height"
    ],
    "suggested_hubs": [
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