Reduction of 5G cellular network radiation in wireless mobile phone using an asymmetric square shaped passive metamaterial design

Abstract

Reduction of 5G cellular network radiation in wireless mobile phone using an asymmetric square shaped passive metamaterial design Tayaallen Ramachandran, Mohammad Rashed Iqbal Faruque, Air Mohammad Siddiky, Mohammad Tariqul Islam. Reduction of 5G cellular network radiation in wireless mobile phone using an asymmetric square shaped passive metamaterial design. Sci Rep. 2021 Jan 29;11(1):2619. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-82105-7. Abstract This study aims to demonstrate the feasibility of metamaterial application in absorption reduction of 5G electromagnetic (EM) energy in the human head tissue. In a general sense, the radio frequency (RF) energy that received by wireless mobile phone from the base station, will emit to surrounding when the devices are in active mode. Since the latest fifth generation technology standard for cellular networks is upon us, the emission of radiation from any wireless devices needs to be taken into consideration. This motivation helps to prepare this paper that focuses on construction of novel and compact square-shaped metamaterial (SM) design to reduce electromagnetic exposure to humans. The commercially available substrate material known as FR-4 with thickness of 1.6 mm was selected to place the metamaterial design on it. The electromagnetic properties and Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) analyses were carried out numerically by utilising high-performance 3D EM analysis, Computer Simulation Technology Studio (CST) software. Meanwhile, for the validation purpose, the metamaterial designs for both unit and array cells were fabricated to measure the electromagnetic properties of the material. From the numerical simulation, the introduced SM design manifested quadruple resonance frequencies in multi bands precisely at 1.246 (at L-band), 3.052, 3.794 (at S-band), and 4.858 (C-band) GHz. However, the comparison of numerically simulated and measured data reveals a slight difference between them where only the second resonance frequency was decreased by 0.009 GHz while other frequencies were increased by 0.002, 0.045, and 0.117 GHz in sequential order. Moreover, the SAR analysis recorded high values at 3.794 GHz with 61.16% and 70.33% for 1 g and 10 g of tissue volumes, respectively. Overall, our results demonstrate strong SAR reduction effects, and the proposed SM design may be considered a promising aspect in the telecommunication field. Open access paper: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov or nature.com

AI evidence extraction

Main findings

Numerical simulations (CST) and measurements of fabricated unit/array cells indicated resonance frequencies at 1.246, 3.052, 3.794, and 4.858 GHz with small differences between simulated and measured values. SAR analysis reported high values at 3.794 GHz and reported SAR reduction effects with the proposed square-shaped metamaterial design.

Outcomes measured

• Electromagnetic properties (resonance frequencies) of metamaterial design
• Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) in head tissue (1 g and 10 g tissue volumes)
• Agreement between simulated and measured resonance frequencies

Limitations

• Primarily numerical (simulation-based) SAR analysis; human exposure outcomes not measured in vivo
• Quantitative SAR values (absolute W/kg) and full experimental setup details are not provided in the abstract
• Resonance frequency differences between simulation and measurement are noted, indicating some model/measurement discrepancy

Suggested hubs

• 5g-policy (0.2)
  Study is framed around 5G-related exposure reduction, though it is an engineering design paper rather than policy.

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        "band": "RF",
        "source": "mobile phone",
        "frequency_mhz": null,
        "sar_wkg": null,
        "duration": null
    },
    "population": "Human head tissue (numerical model)",
    "sample_size": null,
    "outcomes": [
        "Electromagnetic properties (resonance frequencies) of metamaterial design",
        "Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) in head tissue (1 g and 10 g tissue volumes)",
        "Agreement between simulated and measured resonance frequencies"
    ],
    "main_findings": "Numerical simulations (CST) and measurements of fabricated unit/array cells indicated resonance frequencies at 1.246, 3.052, 3.794, and 4.858 GHz with small differences between simulated and measured values. SAR analysis reported high values at 3.794 GHz and reported SAR reduction effects with the proposed square-shaped metamaterial design.",
    "effect_direction": "benefit",
    "limitations": [
        "Primarily numerical (simulation-based) SAR analysis; human exposure outcomes not measured in vivo",
        "Quantitative SAR values (absolute W/kg) and full experimental setup details are not provided in the abstract",
        "Resonance frequency differences between simulation and measurement are noted, indicating some model/measurement discrepancy"
    ],
    "evidence_strength": "low",
    "confidence": 0.7399999999999999911182158029987476766109466552734375,
    "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
    "keywords": [
        "5G",
        "metamaterial",
        "passive metamaterial",
        "SAR reduction",
        "mobile phone",
        "head tissue",
        "CST simulation",
        "FR-4 substrate",
        "RF exposure",
        "resonance frequencies"
    ],
    "suggested_hubs": [
        {
            "slug": "5g-policy",
            "weight": 0.200000000000000011102230246251565404236316680908203125,
            "reason": "Study is framed around 5G-related exposure reduction, though it is an engineering design paper rather than policy."
        }
    ]
}

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