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Combination of low intensity electromagnetic field with chondrogenic agent induces chondrogenesis in mesenchymal stem cells with minimal hypertrophic side effects.

This in vitro study evaluated whether extremely low-frequency EMF (50 Hz,

[Effects of static magnetic field at different times on the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts in vitro].

This in vitro study exposed newborn rat calvarial osteoblasts to a 3.9 mT static magnetic field for varying durations (0–4 hours). The authors report increased cell proliferation and markers of osteoblast differentiation and mineralization versus control, including higher ALP activity, calcium content, and…

[Time effect of sinusoidal electromagnetic field on enhancing the maturation and mineralization of osteoblasts in vitro].

This in vitro study exposed newborn rat calvarial osteoblasts to 50 Hz sinusoidal electromagnetic fields at 1.8 mT for different daily exposure times (0.5–3.0 h). The authors report inhibited osteoblast proliferation at longer exposure times, alongside increased differentiation markers (ALP activity) and…