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5G RF EMF Spectral Exposure Assessment in Four European Countries
This exposure assessment used 146 indoor and outdoor spot measurements in 2023 across Belgium, Switzerland, Hungary, and Poland to characterize 5G (3.6 GHz) and cumulative RF EMF incident power density in public spaces and educational institutions. Reported maximum 5G-specific incident power density was 10.4 mW/m2 (3.2% of the frequency-specific ICNIRP guideline), and all measured levels were stated to be well within ICNIRP limits. Rural areas showed significantly lower incident power density than urban areas, and LOS conditions had higher average incident power density than NLOS. The authors recommend continued reassessment as 5G coverage expands.
Temporal change of outdoor RF-EMF levels in four European countries: a microenvironmental measurement study
This microenvironmental measurement study assessed temporal trends in outdoor RF-EMF exposure between 2016 and 2023 in the Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium, and Spain using harmonized walking-route measurements with exposimeters. The authors report no significant change in mobile base station (downlink) exposure between 2016 and 2023 and no consistent trend across microenvironments or countries. Reported median downlink exposure values ranged from 0.11 mW/m² (Switzerland, 2023) to 0.62 mW/m² (Netherlands, 2018).
Assessing RF EMF exposure in multiple microenvironments across ten European countries with a focus on 5G
This exposure assessment measured environmental and auto-induced RF-EMF across more than 800 microenvironments in ten European countries, with a focus on 5G-related bands. Non-user environmental exposure was reported to be below international guideline values and similar to prior European research, while induced traffic substantially increased measured exposure, especially in uplink scenarios. The study also reports systematic differences by setting (cities vs villages) and by national precautionary limit policies.
RF-EMF exposure assessment with add-on uplink exposure sensor in different microenvironments in seven European countries
This exposure assessment study introduces a cost-efficient add-on sensor attached to a smartphone to quantify auto-induced uplink RF-EMF transmission across 100–6000 MHz in multiple microenvironments. Activity-based surveys were conducted in seven European countries under non-user, maximum downlink, and maximum uplink scenarios. Reported power levels were lowest for non-user scenarios and higher during active use, with variation by country, urbanization, and setting. The authors frame the work as supporting future epidemiological research and planned validation against other tools.