Integrating Maxwell–Wagner Interface Physics with the S4–Mito-Spin Framework
Independent Voices
RF Safe
Feb 3, 2026
This RF Safe article argues that biological effects from radiofrequency and pulsed electromagnetic fields can be interpreted through two complementary layers: Maxwell–Wagner interfacial polarization (as a direct electrodynamic mechanism at cell membranes) and an “S4–Mito-Spin” framework (as an upstream susceptibility…
Inflammasome Activation and IL-1β Release Triggered by Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Fields in Murine Innate Immune Cells and Skin
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 15, 2024
This animal and in vitro study examined whether nanosecond pulsed electric fields (200-ns pulses) activate inflammasome signaling after electroporative damage. The authors report ASC aggregation, caspase-1 activation, and IL-1β release in murine macrophages, dendritic cells, and mouse skin in vivo. They also report…
C-phycocyanin extraction assisted by pulsed electric field from Artrosphira platensis.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2017
This engineering/food-processing study evaluates pulsed electric field (PEF) treatment of fresh Artrhospira platensis biomass to enhance aqueous extraction of C-phycocyanin. Extraction depended on electric field strength, treatment time, and application temperature, with higher temperatures reducing the required…
Fundamental study on a gene transfection methodology for mammalian cells using water-in-oil droplet deformation in a DC electric field.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2016
This paper describes an in vitro gene transfection technique termed water-in-oil droplet electroporation, using an intense DC electric field to deform a droplet between electrodes. The deformation can cause an instantaneous short circuit, during which transient membrane pores are reported to form and permit exogenous…
Electric field analysis of breast tumor cells.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2011
This paper reports a MAXWELL 3D simulation study of electric field distribution in a tissue/tumor model relevant to electrical-pulse-mediated drug delivery. The authors report lower electric field strength in tumor tissue compared with normal cells. They interpret this as potentially increasing tumor susceptibility…
Impact of a pulsed electric field on damage of plant tissues: effects of cell size and tissue electrical conductivity.
Research
RF Safe Research Library
Jan 1, 2011
This experimental and modeling study examined pulsed electric field (PEF) permeabilization in several fruit and vegetable tissues at 293 K using 1000 μs pulses and field strengths of 400 and 1000 V·cm(-1). While electroporation theory predicts greater damage in tissues with larger cells, the authors report this…